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Dr. Alejandro Padilla-Rivera
University of Calgary, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape

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0 Sustainability
0 Sustainable Development
0 environment
0 Environmental Management

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Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Cleaner Environmental Systems
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Livestock feed production for the intensive dairy industry has a significant environmental impact. This study evaluated the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of milk production in Guanajuato, Mexico, by incorporating broccoli stems (BS), an abundant agro-industrial waste product with high nutritional value, into dairy cattle feed. The potential reduction of environmental impacts from adding BS to cattle diet formulation was estimated using a life cycle assessment and a linear programming model which considered nutritional requirements as constraints. Two scenarios for milk production were considered: an optimized conventional diet and an optimized diet including BS. The results indicated that incorporating BS in cattle feed could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 118 g CO2 eq kg−1 fat-and-protein corrected milk (FPCM and agricultural land occupation by 0.002 m2a kg−1 FPCM but increased fossil depletion by 4 g oil eq kg−1 FPCM. BS can replace 11.1% of conventional feeds and maximize the incorporation feeds with low environmental impacts in the diet, such as alfalfa hay and maize silage. A sensitivity analysis of the economic allocation showed that the maximum price of BS to remain environmentally viable was 19.28 USD t−1 on a fresh matter basis.

ACS Style

Samuel Quintero-Herrera; Azucena Minerva García-León; José Enrique Botello-Álvarez; Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar; Joaquim E. Abel-Seabra; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Pasiano Rivas-García. The use of broccoli agro-industrial waste in dairy cattle diet for environmental mitigation. Cleaner Environmental Systems 2021, 2, 100035 .

AMA Style

Samuel Quintero-Herrera, Azucena Minerva García-León, José Enrique Botello-Álvarez, Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar, Joaquim E. Abel-Seabra, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Pasiano Rivas-García. The use of broccoli agro-industrial waste in dairy cattle diet for environmental mitigation. Cleaner Environmental Systems. 2021; 2 ():100035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Quintero-Herrera; Azucena Minerva García-León; José Enrique Botello-Álvarez; Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar; Joaquim E. Abel-Seabra; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Pasiano Rivas-García. 2021. "The use of broccoli agro-industrial waste in dairy cattle diet for environmental mitigation." Cleaner Environmental Systems 2, no. : 100035.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Circular economy (CE) promotes better resource use by reducing waste and keeping products and materials in use and supports natural system regeneration. However, the social dimension of CE is virtually non-existent. Moreover, there is no holistic framework to select the social indicators to be used to assess the positive or negative impacts of CE strategies. Thus, this paper proposes an approach to identify key social indicators of CE through qualitative (Delphi) and quantitative (fuzzy logic) tools that objectively account for the uncertainty associated with data collection and judgement elicitation and number of attributes (indicators) by considering the vagueness of the data. The research includes a hybrid approach to explore multiple social indicators, a survey of social indicators for CE experts to arrive at a consensus regarding the social measures that are required and an analysis of the resulting survey data to converge on the key social indicators relevant to CE.. The results show that the most relevant social indicators for CE experts are consumer health and safety, followed by poverty, food security and governance. These findings suggest that indicators such as the eradication of poverty and hunger are priorities for CE experts. This could be attributed to the power of CE practices to help achieve several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets, particularly those that are most directly related to CE strategies.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Breno Barros Telles Do Carmo; Gabriella Arcese; Nicolas Merveille. Social circular economy indicators: Selection through fuzzy delphi method. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2020, 26, 101 -110.

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Breno Barros Telles Do Carmo, Gabriella Arcese, Nicolas Merveille. Social circular economy indicators: Selection through fuzzy delphi method. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2020; 26 ():101-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Breno Barros Telles Do Carmo; Gabriella Arcese; Nicolas Merveille. 2020. "Social circular economy indicators: Selection through fuzzy delphi method." Sustainable Production and Consumption 26, no. : 101-110.

Review
Published: 24 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Circular Economy (CE) is a growing topic among scholars, industries, and governments, and is aimed at decoupling economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources. CE incorporates different meanings, from reduce, reuse, and recycle activities, to environmental degradation or resource scarcity, and is supported by specific indicators to attain sustainable development. However, so far, there has been no agreement to measure how effective an industry/product is in making the transition from linear to circular approaches, particularly those that affect society. This research work aims to perform a systematic literature review (n = 60) to analyze and discuss how social aspects have been considered and integrated in CE research so far. Moreover, this review provides an overview of the literature on social impact within the CE, which results in three main outputs: a knowledge map of the CE, an analysis of social aspects within CE, and the theories/frameworks used to evaluate social impact of CE. Finally, this study brings to light how CE implementation can affect society and highlights the importance of social dimension in the domains of CE and a policy-making community, which could help move CE towards a sustainable development.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Sara Russo-Garrido; Nicolas Merveille. Addressing the Social Aspects of a Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7912 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Sara Russo-Garrido, Nicolas Merveille. Addressing the Social Aspects of a Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7912.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Sara Russo-Garrido; Nicolas Merveille. 2020. "Addressing the Social Aspects of a Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7912.

Preprint
Published: 02 September 2020
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Circular Economy (CE) is a growing topic among scholars, industry and government aiming at decoupling economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources. CE incorporates different meanings, from reduce, reuse and recycle activities to environmental degradation or resource scarcity, and supported by specific indicators to attain sustainable development. However, so far, there has been no agreement to measure how effective an industry/product is in making the transition from linear to circular approaches, particularly those affected the society. This research work aims to perform a systematic literature review (n=60) to analyze and discuss how social aspects have been considered and integrated in the CE research so far. Moreover, this review provides and overview of the literature on social impact within CE, that resulted in three main outputs: a knowledge map of the CE, an analysis of social aspects within CE, and the theories/frameworks used to evaluate social impact of CE. Finally, this study brings to light how CE implementation can affect society and highlights the importance of social dimension in the domains of CE and policy-making community, which could help moving CE towards a sustainable development.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Sara Russo-Garrido; Nicolas Merveille. Addressing the Social Aspects of Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Sara Russo-Garrido, Nicolas Merveille. Addressing the Social Aspects of Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Sara Russo-Garrido; Nicolas Merveille. 2020. "Addressing the Social Aspects of Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 17 September 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) generated by the burning of fossil fuels has been recognized as one of the main causes of climate change (CC). Different countries of the world have developed new policies on national energy security directed to the use of renewable energies mainly, ocean energy being one of them. The implementation of ocean energy is increasing worldwide. However, the use of these technologies is not exempt from the generation of potential environmental impacts throughout their life cycle. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or system throughout its entire life cycle. LCA studies need to be conducted to foster the development of ocean energy technologies (OET) in sustainable management. In this paper, a systematic review was conducted and 18 LCA studies of OET were analyzed. Most of the LCA studies are focused on wave and tidal energy. CC is the most relevant impact category evaluated, which is generated mostly by raw material extraction, manufacturing stage and shipping operations. Finally, the critical stages of the systems evaluated were identified, together with, the opportunity areas to promote an environmental management for ocean energy developers.

ACS Style

María Guadalupe Paredes; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 322 .

AMA Style

María Guadalupe Paredes, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Leonor Patricia Güereca. Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (9):322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Guadalupe Paredes; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9: 322.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2019 in Sustainability
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This study evaluates the social performance of monoculture (MC), intensive silvopastoral (ISP), and native silvopastoral (NSP) livestock production systems in the tropical region of southeastern Mexico through a social life cycle assessment (SCLA) approach. The methodological framework proposed by the United Nations Environmental Program/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/SETAC) (2009) was employed based on a scoring approach with a performance scale ranging from 1 (very poor) to 4 (outstanding). Twelve livestock ranches for calf production were evaluated using 18 impact subcategories associated with the categories “human rights”, “working conditions”, “health and safety”, “socioeconomic repercussions”, and “governance”. The stakeholders evaluated were workers, the local community, society, and value chain actors. The ranches had performance scores between 1.78 (very poor) and 2.17 (poor). The overall average performance of the ranches by production system was 1.98, 1.96, and 1.97 for the MC, ISP, and NSP systems, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference in the social performance of the livestock production systems. This assessment indicates that the cattle ranches analyzed in Mexico have poor or very poor social performance. The results show that socioeconomic and political contexts exert a greater influence on the social performance of livestock production systems than does their type of technology.

ACS Style

Adriana Rivera-Huerta; María De La Salud Rubio Lozano; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. Social Sustainability Assessment in Livestock Production: A Social Life Cycle Assessment Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4419 .

AMA Style

Adriana Rivera-Huerta, María De La Salud Rubio Lozano, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Leonor Patricia Güereca. Social Sustainability Assessment in Livestock Production: A Social Life Cycle Assessment Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adriana Rivera-Huerta; María De La Salud Rubio Lozano; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. 2019. "Social Sustainability Assessment in Livestock Production: A Social Life Cycle Assessment Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4419.

Review
Published: 20 April 2019 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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In recent years, achieving sustainability in renewable energy systems has become important for achieving future economic prosperity and energy security all over the world; therefore, multiple attempts have been made to assess their sustainability. This means that in addition to considering the technological and economic factors, environmental and social aspects should also be considered. However, the wide-ranging concept of sustainability and the various methodological frameworks presented make their interpretation and correct implementation difficult. In this research, through a systematic literature review, we summarize and analyze the current research on the sustainability assessment of bioenergy production/use (also referred as gaseous biofuels) for electricity and heat generation. Sustainability approaches and their underlying factors from the three dimensions of sustainability were consolidated and structured in this systematic review. In addition, a set of indicators (environmental, social and economic) is provided based on the literature analyzed that decision makers can use to evaluate the sustainability performance of bioenergy systems. The main finding indicates that although there are various international efforts on measuring sustainability, only 32 of studies of the 8542 works initially screened (less than 1%) have an integrated approach that considers all three aspects of sustainability, i.e., environmental, economic and social aspects. In most cases, the focus is on one of the three aspects. Additionally, 50% of the studies evaluated included another dimension, i.e., a cultural, institutional or technical dimension. These results support the idea that a multidimensional sustainability assessment is feasible and facilitates decision-making processes towards a sustainable energy future.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; María Guadalupe Paredes; Leonor Patricia Güereca. A systematic review of the sustainability assessment of bioenergy: The case of gaseous biofuels. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019, 125, 79 -94.

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, María Guadalupe Paredes, Leonor Patricia Güereca. A systematic review of the sustainability assessment of bioenergy: The case of gaseous biofuels. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2019; 125 ():79-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; María Guadalupe Paredes; Leonor Patricia Güereca. 2019. "A systematic review of the sustainability assessment of bioenergy: The case of gaseous biofuels." Biomass and Bioenergy 125, no. : 79-94.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Studies of sustainable development of wastewater systems require consideration of three sustainability pillars: environmental, social and economic. The present study measures the overall sustainability and ranks the alternatives according to their social, environmental and economic performance. Taking life cycle approach, this framework integrates the three sustainability dimensions to enable assessment of Wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs). The framework comprises eighteen indicators derived from environmental life cycle assessment, economic performance and social life cycle assessment, then fuzzy logic analysis was used to assess and identify the most sustainable wastewater treatment facility option by means of a Sustainability Global Index (SGI). SEWATS was applied to four WWTF: Parque Naucalli and Iztapalapa in Mexico, and Los Angeles and Phoenix in USA. The results illustrate that the facility with the highest SGI is in Los Angeles, which recovers energy during sludge treatment by capturing methane biogas for electricity generation, and the worst facility is in Naucalpan, which generates the highest impacts related to wastewater treatment due to the absence of a sludge treatment system, the small treatment capacity and the regular social conditions during operation. This study is one of the first studies to develop a methodology for selecting the best WWTF alternatives based on environmental and social life cycle assessments and fuzzy treatment analysis. The framework developed and applied in this work could help identify appropriate WWTFs worldwide for sustainable water management.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. A proposal metric for sustainability evaluations of wastewater treatment systems (SEWATS). Ecological Indicators 2019, 103, 22 -33.

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Leonor Patricia Güereca. A proposal metric for sustainability evaluations of wastewater treatment systems (SEWATS). Ecological Indicators. 2019; 103 ():22-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Leonor Patricia Güereca. 2019. "A proposal metric for sustainability evaluations of wastewater treatment systems (SEWATS)." Ecological Indicators 103, no. : 22-33.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2019 in Journal of Environmental Protection
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To address current challenges regarding sustainable development of wastewater treatment and provide scientific support in decision procedures towards sustainable solutions, new approaches, frameworks and methodologies about different possible solutions and their potential sustainability implications are needed. One way to facilitate sustainability assessment of wastewater is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology; however, it fails to map the full scope of wastewater impacts. This paper presents a framework to evaluate the performance of Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTF) taking into consideration various factors for insuring environmental sustainability. A total of nine indicators, seven environmental and two economic related to four wastewater treatment facilities, were assessed. Apart from evaluating the sustainability, this study also discussed the link of life cycle approach and social aspects of wastewater. The results show that for the environmental dimension using LCA provides information on different types of environmental activities and different impact categories. LCA can thus be used to quantify and compare the multiple types of impacts caused by one type of use or emission, as well as the various resource uses or emissions that contribute to one type of impacts. For the economic dimension, there is still a need for consistent and robust indicators and methods. The empirical results suggest that the environmental sustainability framework can be used in the first phase of the decision procedure that leads to a strategic choice for sustainable resource recovery from wastewater in developing countries. This motives researchers and decision-makers to consider the whole picture, and not just individual aspects, when considering different futures scenarios.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca-Hernández. Sustainability Assessment of Wastewater Systems: An Environmental and Economic Approach. Journal of Environmental Protection 2019, 10, 241 -259.

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume, Leonor Patricia Güereca-Hernández. Sustainability Assessment of Wastewater Systems: An Environmental and Economic Approach. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2019; 10 (02):241-259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca-Hernández. 2019. "Sustainability Assessment of Wastewater Systems: An Environmental and Economic Approach." Journal of Environmental Protection 10, no. 02: 241-259.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2018 in Sustainability
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The design and study of low carbon buildings is a major concern in a modern economy due to high carbon emissions produced by buildings and its effects on climate change. Studies have investigated (CFP) Carbon Footprint of buildings, but there remains a need for a strong analysis that measure and quantify the overall degree of GHG emissions reductions and its relationship with the effect on climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the building sector by evaluating the (CFP) of four hotpots approaches defined in line with commonly carbon reduction strategies, also known as mitigation strategies. CFP framework is applied to compare the (CC) climate change impact of mitigation strategies. A multi-story timber residential construction in Quebec City (Canada) was chosen as a baseline scenario. This building has been designed with the idea of being a reference of sustainable development application in the building sector. In this scenario, the production of materials and construction (assembly, waste management and transportation) were evaluated. A CFP that covers eight actions divided in four low carbon strategies, including: low carbon materials, material minimization, reuse and recycle materials and adoption of local sources and use of biofuels were evaluated. The results of this study shows that the used of prefabricated technique in buildings is an alternative to reduce the CFP of buildings in the context of Quebec. The CC decreases per m2 floor area in baseline scenario is up to 25% than current buildings. If the benefits of low carbon strategies are included, the timber structures can generate 38% lower CC than the original baseline scenario. The investigation recommends that CO2eq emissions reduction in the design and implementation of residential constructions as climate change mitigation is perfectly feasible by following different working strategies. It is concluded that if the four strategies were implemented in current buildings they would have environmental benefits by reducing its CFP. The reuse wood wastes into production of particleboard has the greatest environmental benefit due to temporary carbon storage.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Ben Amor; Pierre Blanchet. Evaluating the Link between Low Carbon Reductions Strategies and Its Performance in the Context of Climate Change: A Carbon Footprint of a Wood-Frame Residential Building in Quebec, Canada. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2715 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Ben Amor, Pierre Blanchet. Evaluating the Link between Low Carbon Reductions Strategies and Its Performance in the Context of Climate Change: A Carbon Footprint of a Wood-Frame Residential Building in Quebec, Canada. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2715.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Ben Amor; Pierre Blanchet. 2018. "Evaluating the Link between Low Carbon Reductions Strategies and Its Performance in the Context of Climate Change: A Carbon Footprint of a Wood-Frame Residential Building in Quebec, Canada." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2715.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2017 in Forests
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Global demand for renewable energy has increased drastically over the last decade due to new climate change policies implemented in many jurisdictions. Wood pellets made from primary wood processing mill residues represent an attractive source of renewable energy that can be used in the environmental global challenge. However, the environmental impacts involved in their manufacture must be considered to measure the real benefits they can provide to the atmosphere. The general aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of wood pellet production at two Quebec plants using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and considering a gate-to-gate approach. The paper focuses on the different stages involved in wood pellet production; from the recovery of mill residues, through the pelletization process, to pellet bagging. The paper further expands to a cradle-to-grave analysis comparing the environmental footprints of producing and combusting 1 GJ of energy from wood pellets, natural gas and fossil fuel oil. The analysis suggested that the drying and the pelletizing stages were the largest negative factors affecting the environmental performance of wood pellet production. The comparison demonstrated the environmental advantage of using renewable rather than fossil sources of energy. Considering the growing interest in renewable energy, biomass in particular, and the lack of environmental information on wood pellets, this study could be useful not only for forest sector-related industries but also for the energy sector and policymakers.

ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Julie Barrette; Pierre Blanchet; Evelyne Thiffault. Environmental Performance of Eastern Canadian Wood Pellets as Measured Through Life Cycle Assessment. Forests 2017, 8, 352 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Julie Barrette, Pierre Blanchet, Evelyne Thiffault. Environmental Performance of Eastern Canadian Wood Pellets as Measured Through Life Cycle Assessment. Forests. 2017; 8 (9):352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Julie Barrette; Pierre Blanchet; Evelyne Thiffault. 2017. "Environmental Performance of Eastern Canadian Wood Pellets as Measured Through Life Cycle Assessment." Forests 8, no. 9: 352.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2015 in Environmental Impact Assessment Review
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ACS Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Adalberto Noyola; Leonor Patricia Güereca. Addressing social aspects associated with wastewater treatment facilities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2015, 57, 101 -113.

AMA Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume, Adalberto Noyola, Leonor Patricia Güereca. Addressing social aspects associated with wastewater treatment facilities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2015; 57 ():101-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Adalberto Noyola; Leonor Patricia Güereca. 2015. "Addressing social aspects associated with wastewater treatment facilities." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 57, no. : 101-113.

Erratum
Published: 19 October 2012 in CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water
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ACS Style

Adalberto Noyola; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca; Flor Hernández-Padilla. Erratum: Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2012, 40, 1208 -1209.

AMA Style

Adalberto Noyola, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume, Leonor Patricia Güereca, Flor Hernández-Padilla. Erratum: Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water. 2012; 40 (10):1208-1209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adalberto Noyola; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca; Flor Hernández-Padilla. 2012. "Erratum: Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America." CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 40, no. 10: 1208-1209.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2012 in CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water
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This paper presents an analysis of the wastewater treatment plants in six Latin American and Caribbean countries. Based on a sample of 2734 municipal treatment facilities, the applied processes are classified by sizes (influent flow) and type of technologies. The distribution of the technologies is also presented for each of the six countries. In addition, a representative municipal wastewater characterization, based on influent data from 174 treatment plants, is proposed. Results show that stabilization ponds, activated sludge, and the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors represent 80% of the treatment facilities of the sample, providing treatment to 81% of the total flow considered. Moreover, 67% of the plants in the sample are small (flow <25 L/s) and the very small facilities (influent flow <5 L/s) are extensively applied in the region (34% of the sample), especially in Mexico and Brazil. The use of very small treatment plants may result in low energy efficiency systems and on possible incompliance of the discharge standards. This common practice in several countries in Latin America should be revised in order to improve the environmental performance of such facilities.

ACS Style

Adalberto Noyola; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca; Flor Hernández-Padilla. Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2012, 40, 926 -932.

AMA Style

Adalberto Noyola, Alejandro Padilla-Rivera, Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume, Leonor Patricia Güereca, Flor Hernández-Padilla. Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water. 2012; 40 (9):926-932.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adalberto Noyola; Alejandro Padilla-Rivera; Juan Manuel Morgan-Sagastume; Leonor Patricia Güereca; Flor Hernández-Padilla. 2012. "Typology of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Latin America." CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 40, no. 9: 926-932.