Pathogenic pathogens invade the human body through various pathways, causing damage to host cells, tissues, and their functions, ultimately leading to the development of diseases and posing a threat to human health. The rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic pathogens in humans is crucial and pressing. Nucleic acid detection offers advantages such as higher sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity compared to antibody and antigen detection methods. However, conventional nucleic acid testing is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires sophisticated equipment and specialized medical personnel. Therefore, this review focuses on advanced nucleic acid testing systems that aim to address the issues of testing time, portability, degree of automation, and cross-contamination. These systems include extraction-free rapid nucleic acid testing, fully automated extraction, amplification, and detection, as well as fully enclosed testing and commercial nucleic acid testing equipment. Additionally, the biochemical methods used for extraction, amplification, and detection in nucleic acid testing are briefly described. We hope that this review will inspire further research and the development of more suitable extraction-free reagents and fully automated testing devices for rapid, point-of-care diagnostics.

Myogenic mechanobiology governs how mechanical cues regulate myocyte organization, alignment, and functional maturation; however, in vitro platforms that enable quantitative control and real-time readout of myogenic mechanical microenvironments remain limited. Here, we engineered a pneumatic-driven organ-on-a-chip platform integrating six parallel culture units and a bead-embedded flexible PDMS membrane to deliver cyclic mechanical strain and enable quantitative stress–strain mapping in cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Finite element-guided optimization ensured effective membrane deformation, and the platform generated stable and tunable cyclic strain with a strong linear relationship between applied negative pressure (50–700 mbar) and membrane stress and strain. Plasma treatment combined with type I collagen coating restored myogenic cell adhesion and growth on PDMS to levels comparable to standard culture conditions. Under 13% cyclic strain, both cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells exhibited pronounced and highly uniform alignment, with cellular polarity oriented perpendicular to the stretch axis. Moreover, cyclic loading significantly enhanced the expression of contractile maturation markers, including MYH7 in cardiomyocytes and MYH6 in skeletal muscle cells (all p < 0.05), whereas expression of the differentiation regulator MyoG remained unchanged, indicating that mechanical stimulation preferentially promotes structural organization and contractile maturation rather than lineage commitment. Collectively, this quantitatively programmable organ-on-a-chip represents a bioengineered microdevice for studying myogenic mechanobiology, revealing conserved mechanosensitive alignment and maturation responses across myogenic lineages and providing a versatile framework for biomedical engineering research, disease modeling, and mechanotherapeutic screening.