The antifungal drug miconazole nitrate has a low solubility in water, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. To address this limitation, miconazole-loaded microemulsions were developed and assessed for topical skin delivery, prepared through spontaneous emulsification with oleic acid and water. The surfactant phase included a mixture of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM) and various cosurfactants (ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, or 2-propanol). The optimal miconazole-loaded microemulsion containing PSM and ethanol at a ratio of 1:1 showed a mean cumulative drug permeation of 87.6 ± 5.8 μg/cm² across pig skin. The formulation exhibited higher cumulative permeation, permeation flux, and drug deposition than conventional cream and significantly increased the in vitro inhibition of Candida albicans compared with cream (p < 0.05). Over the course of a 3-month study conducted at a temperature of 30 ± 2 °C, the microemulsion exhibited favorable physicochemical stability. This outcome signifies its potential suitability as a carrier for effectively administering miconazole through topical administration. Additionally, a non-destructive technique employing near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with a partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to quantitatively analyze microemulsions containing miconazole nitrate. This approach eliminates the need for sample preparation. The optimal PLSR model was derived by utilizing orthogonal signal correction pretreated data with one latent factor. This model exhibited a remarkable R² value of 0.9919 and a root mean square error of calibration of 0.0488. Consequently, this methodology holds potential for effectively monitoring the quantity of miconazole nitrate in various formulations, including both conventional and innovative ones.

Introduction: Acmella oleracea has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, sore throat, haemorrhoids and toothache. However, whether A. oleracea has gastrointestinal functions, such as regulation of intestinal contractions, has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of A. oleracea flowers extract (AFE) on rat ileum contractions and the possible mechanism(s) of its action. Methods: The extract was prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus with 95% ethanol. Ileum was removed from male Wistar rats and mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs solution. The tissue contractions were recorded by an isotonic transducer under 1 g tension.Results: The cumulative concentrations of the AFE (0.01–1 mg/mL) reduced the ileum contractions induced by KCl (80 mM) (n = 6, P < 0.05). AFE (1 mg/mL) attenuated the contractions induced by cumulative concentrations of CaCl2 (1–20 mM), while the spasmolytic effects of the extract were not reduced after tissue incubation with N (ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 μM, 20 minutes).Conclusion: These results suggest that AFE inhibits ileum contractions without involving the nitric oxide pathway, which is possibly mediated via blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. A. oleracea may be useful in gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhoea.

Plumbago indica L. has a various pharmacological activity; however, the anticancer activity in cervical cancer has less information. To examine the antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antimigratory activity of Plumbago indica root extract on cervical cancer cells. The extract of P. indica was explored for cell viability, apoptosis, and migration by sulforhodamine B, colony formation, cell cycle distribution, Wound healing, Annexin V-FITC staining apoptotic, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The data indicated that P. indica extract suppressed HeLa cervical cells viability by dose- and time-dependent manner along with the reduction of cancer cell number and colony forming ability. After 48 h of incubation period, the PR extract exhibited a significant reduction of migratory ability by dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, these extracts significantly showed a reduction of cell viability along with induction of late apoptosis. The mechanism of action was shown by detecting mitochondrial dysfunction and activating of ROS formation on HeLa cells-treated with P. indica extract. The extract of P. indica has a growth inhibition, migratory suppression, and apoptotic induction. The extract has an anticancer activity by reducing mitochondrial function and activating ROS formation.

Sequential object-singulation mechanisms may fail to release an objecton the first transfer attempt, even though some mechanism conditionsestablished earlier in the cycle remain usable. Restarting the completeexecution sequence in such cases would require these still-validconditions to be established again. This study presents aphysical-state-guided runtime execution implementation for respondingto such transfer failures. A mechanism cycle is organized into twoexecution regions separated by a Runtime Validation Boundary, at whichthe validated physical outcome determines the subsequent executionresponse. Following an unsuccessful transfer, Minimal ExecutionRepetition (MER) preserves previously established conditions that remainusable and repeats only the operations required for another transferattempt, while Early Completion, Safe Recovery, and Manual Recoveryprovide additional state-dependent responses.The implementation was evaluated on a Grip-Gate-Push (GGP)object-singulation mechanism over 180 execution cycles using new,moderately used, and heavily used shuttlecocks. Of the 180 cycles,133 (73.9%) achieved successful release on the first transfer attempt.Among the remaining 47 cycles in which the first transfer attempt wasunsuccessful, 36 subsequently achieved release within the permitted MERlevels without entering recovery, bringing the total number of cyclescompleted without recovery to 169 of 180 (93.9%). The remaining11 cycles (6.1%) exhausted the permitted MER attempts and proceededto Safe Recovery. Each additional MER increased Real Total Cycle Timebecause another transfer attempt was executed; however, the additionalexecution was limited to the mechanism-specific repetition path, whileEarly Completion avoided consuming the remaining waiting interval afterrelease validation.