Observations from permanent GNSS stations are actively used for the research and monitoring of geodynamic processes. Today, with the use of modern scientific programs and IGS products, it is possible to determine GNSS station coordinates and velocities at the level of a few millimeters. However, the scientific community constantly faces the question of increasing the accuracy of coordinate definitions to obtain more reliable data in the study of geodynamic phenomena. One of the main sources of errors is systematic measurement errors. To date, the procedure for their removal is still incomplete and imperfect. Also, during the processing of long-term GNSS measurements, it was found that the coordinate time series, after the removal of trend effects, are also characterized by seasonal variations, mainly of annual and semi-annual periods. We estimated the daily coordinate time series of 10 permanent GNSS stations in the central-eastern part of Europe from 2001 to 2019 and calculated the seasonal variation coefficients for these stations. The average value of the coefficients for the annual cycle for the N, E, and H components is −0.7, −0.2, and −0.7 mm, and for the semi-annual cycle the average value is 0.3, 0.4, and −0.5 mm. The obtained coefficients are less than 1 mm, which is why it can be argued that there is no seasonal component in the coordinate time series or that it is so small that it is a problematic task to calculate it. This practical absence of a seasonal component in long-term time series of GNSS coordinates, in our opinion, is partly compensated by the use of modern models of mapping functions (such as VMF3) for zenith tropospheric delays instead of the empirical GMF. To test the obtained results, we calculated the coefficients of seasonal variations for the sub-network of GNSS stations included in the category of the best EPN stations—C0 and C1. The values of the coefficients for the stations of this network are also less than 1 mm, which confirms the previous statement about the absence of a seasonal component in the long-term time series of coordinates. We also checked the presence of seasonal changes in the time series using the well-known decomposition procedure, which showed that the seasonal component is not observed because the content does not exceed 10% for additive decomposition and 20% for multiplicative decomposition.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the situation of aviation and air traffic in European Union and to present the relation between the number of passengers of counties on the Old Continent, which will make it possible to observe the relationship and identify the causes of changes. The average growth rate is also presented in this contribution. Such an analysis may be helpful in preparing airports for increasing traffic in the future. A statistical analysis of selected aspects may enable to reveal the situation related to air transport in Europe and the predictions might visualise expectations in the following years. In this paper, the methods of statistical analysis and interpretations of studies presented in a graphical way, were used. The aim of the research was to understand the dependences between countries, trends of annual growth as well as relations between number of passengers with the gross domestic product. It was observed that the number of travelled people is growing as a function of time and it is dependent with the gross domestic product. The analyzed lands have been divided into five group according the average number of passengers. Similar tendencies have been observed in most of the cases.

The aim of this paper is to find a trend in air transport behaviour in the Czech Republic and Poland, based on data collected between the years of 2004 and 2016. The choice of data period for the analysis was made because of the date when both mentioned countries joined the European Union and availability of data. The data used in this article is provided from the Eurostat web page where many revealing statistics are collected. The correlations of indicators were chosen as a method of the analysis. It was observed that the number of passengers increased up to 30% and 460%, respectively, in the Czech Republic and in Poland. The authors will explain possible reasons and aspects of such behaviour in order to make some predictions for future trends in air transport. The additional aim is to understand transport processes and economic growth in neighbouring countries during the period of focus. The knowledge of conditional changes in the number of passengers utilizing air transport grants the ability to make forecasts about the needed infrastructure, number of aircrafts, pilots, and staff needed at the airports.

The security of military air bases is of paramount importance in light of increasing global tensions and rapid technological advancements. The goal of this article is to investigate the protection of these critical installations by identifying significant threats, optimizing security measures, and integrating advanced technologies. The research problems of the work are presented in the form of questions: How can military air bases be protected against emerging technological threats? What are the most effective security measures for mitigating both external and internal threats? How can advanced technologies be integrated into existing security protocols to enhance overall security? The research hypothesis underscores the necessity for robust, multi-layered security systems combining physical protection, advanced technological measures, and clear operational procedures. The research methods used in the work include, among others, a comprehensive review of literature and data analysis. The study examines past incidents and current best practices. The research highlights the potential of advanced technologies such as drone surveillance, biometric access controls, and artificial intelligence to significantly enhance security. However, their successful implementation requires proper integration, continuous updates, and thorough training for personnel. The study also emphasizes the importance of balancing stringent security measures with operational efficiency, ensuring that enhanced security protocols do not impede daily operations. Internal security measures are critical, as insider threats can be as dangerous as external attacks. Stringent background checks, continuous personnel monitoring, and fostering a culture of security awareness are essential to mitigate these risks. The study calls for international cooperation to share best practices and innovations in military air base security, recognizing that these challenges are global and collaborative efforts can lead to more robust solutions. Future research should focus on developing advanced cybersecurity defenses, exploring the human factors influencing security personnel performance, and fostering international cooperation to share best practices. Integrating traditional security measures with modern technologies and international collaboration can significantly enhance the protection of military air bases, ensuring their safety and operational readiness in an increasingly volatile world. By addressing both conventional and emerging threats, this research provides actionable insights for enhancing the security of military air bases globally, ensuring their safety and operational readiness amidst evolving threats and technological landscapes.

This article addresses the security of military airbases as critical elements of national defence systems operating in an increasingly complex environment of hybrid and asymmetric threats. Contemporary threat landscapes, shaped by the proliferation of unmanned aerial systems, cyber operations, sabotage, and irregular tactics, challenge traditional, perimeter-focused models of airbase protection and expose structural vulnerabilities in dispersed and spatially extensive military infrastructure. The aim of the study is to conceptualise and analyse a multilayered security architecture for military airbases operating under contemporary hybrid threat conditions, with particular emphasis on its legal, organizational, technical, and planning dimensions. The central research problem concerns the extent to which existing legal, organizational, technical, and procedural arrangements are adequate to ensure the operational continuity and resilience of military aviation facilities in both peacetime and crisis conditions. The article advances the hypothesis that effective military airbase security cannot be reduced to isolated technological solutions, but depends on the coherent integration of multilayered protective systems encompassing legal mandates, organizational responsibilities, physical and technical safeguards, and appropriately trained personnel within a unified planning framework. On the basis of a narrative review of NATO doctrinal documents, Polish Armed Forces regulations, and relevant academic literature published between 2000 and 2023, the analysis examines five interrelated domains of airbase protection: legal and organizational frameworks, physical protection systems, technical security measures, zonal defence architecture, and planning and risk management processes. The findings indicate that, despite extensive use of fencing, access control, surveillance technologies, and guard forces, significant vulnerabilities persist, particularly with regard to low-cost UAV incursions, cyber disruptions, insider threats, and asymmetric attacks targeting dispersed infrastructure components. The study underscores the importance of adaptive planning, continuous risk assessment, and interoperability among military units, law enforcement agencies, and contracted security providers. By proposing a holistic and practice-oriented framework for military airbase protection, the article contributes to ongoing national and NATO-level debates on safeguarding critical defence infrastructure and highlights the necessity of a system-based approach to airbase security in an evolving threat environment.

Od kilku lat z powodzeniem wdrażane są sokoły-roboty do odstraszania ptaków przelatujących nad lotniskiem. Są to zdalnie sterowane urządzenia latające, przypominające wyglądem, kolorem oraz stylem latania sokoła wędrownego, które emitują specyficzny dźwięk. Tego typu nowe urządzenia wdrażane są na lotniskach na różnych szerokościach geograficznych – przy równoległym funkcjonowaniu tradycyjnych form, tj. sokołów wędrownych. Nowe urządzenia powoli zdobywają rynek ze względu na swoją skuteczność, niskie koszty, funkcjonalność i brak odczuwania fizycznego zmęczenia. Można oczekiwać, że ten pozytywny trend będzie się szybko rozpowszechniał i niebawem stanie się bardziej masowym. Trzeba stworzyć system prawny, aby ptaki-roboty mogły podjąć pracę nad naszymi lotniskami.