Eucalyptus globulus leaves contain various types of phenolic metabolites related to their antioxidant effects such as acids, catechin, flavonoids, and others. To optimize its antioxidative phenolic contents, E. globulus was extracted under various solvent conditions using 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100% ethanol. The 50% ethanol extract possessed the highest content of total phenolics with 497.7 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g extract. In contrast, the highest content of total flavonoids was evaluated in the 100% ethanol extract, having 169.3 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g extract. The antioxidant activity of various extraction conditions was assessed against the radical scavenging effect of DPPH (SC₅₀ = 188.2~5841.7 μg/mL) and ABTS (SC₅₀ = 14.2~171.3 μg/mL). The major chemical composition of E. globulus leaves was identified as including salicylic acid β-D-glucuronide (1), chlorogenic acid (2), epicatechin (3), 2″-O-galloylhyperin (4), isoquercitrin (5), isorhapontin (6), quercitrin (7), and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (8) using LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Among them, the identified metabolites were clarified and their contents in the extracts were calculated via quantitative analysis using HPLC at 254 nm. The flavonoids (4, 5, 7, and 8) were determined to have an influence on the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of E. globulus leaves. The results suggested that optimizing the extraction conditions can result in appropriate chemical composition and antioxidant activity.

Abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) contributes to tumorigenesis, while protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) contribute to tumor control. One of the most representative PTPs is Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), which is associated with either an increased or decreased survival rate depending on the cancer type. Hypermethylation in the promoter region of PTPN6, the gene for the SHP-1 protein, is a representative epigenetic regulation mechanism that suppresses the expression of SHP-1 in tumor cells. SHP-1 comprises two SH2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2) and a catalytic PTP domain. Intramolecular interactions between the N-SH2 and PTP domains inhibit SHP-1 activity. Opening of the PTP domain by a conformational change in SHP-1 increases enzymatic activity and contributes to a tumor control phenotype by inhibiting the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) pathway. Although various compounds that increase SHP-1 activation or expression have been proposed as tumor therapeutics, except sorafenib and its derivatives, few candidates have demonstrated clinical significance. In some cancers, SHP-1 expression and activation contribute to a tumorigenic phenotype by inducing a tumor-friendly microenvironment. Therefore, developing anticancer drugs targeting SHP-1 must consider the effect of SHP-1 on both cell biological mechanisms of SHP-1 in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment according to the target cancer type. Furthermore, the use of combination therapies should be considered.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) causes brown spots on the leaves, stems, and fruits of plants, called bacterial leaf scorch (BLS). For the control of pathogens, antibiotics have been used frequently, and they can develop the resistance. In this study, the bactericidal and synergistic effects of caraway oil and its main components against the pathogen (Xcv) were investigated. The tested caraway oil consisted of 58.4% of carvone and 31.1% of limonene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caraway oil and carvone was the same as 125 μg mL⁻¹, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 1000 μg mL⁻¹ for caraway oil and 500 μg mL⁻¹ for carvone, while limonene showed no inhibition below 1000 μg ml⁻¹. In the growth of Xcv, carvone treatment over 31.3 μg mL⁻¹ inhibited dose-dependently, and the bactericidal effect showed after 18 h more than 250 μg mL⁻¹; It was agreed with the release of intracellular components over 250 μg mL⁻¹, especially. Furthermore, carvone damaged the plasmid DNA of Xcv, and it would be the reason for the bactericidal activity. The synergistic effect of carvone was found with β-lactams selectively; the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes of carvone with ampicillin or amoxicillin were below 0.5, and the mixture of carvone (125 μg mL⁻¹) and ampicillin (500 μg mL⁻¹) showed the bactericidal activity as well.

Low root-zone temperatures (RZTs) are known to cause various physiological changes in plants, which ultimately result in reduced overall plant growth and productivity. However, the effects of temperature on the below-ground parts remain largely unknown; a notable gap exists in understanding the effects of low RZTs on plants. Therefore, we explored the impact of short-term root-zone temperature cooling (RZTC) on the growth, physiological responses, and amino acid levels of Taraxacum coreanum in hydroponic systems. We also investigated the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity of T. coreanum leaves and roots following RZTC treatment. T. coreanum roots were exposed to low-temperature nutrient solutions over 5 days to cool the root zone at 53 days after sowing. RZTC treatments included gradual cooling (GC), with temperatures gradually decreasing from 15 to 5 °C for 5 days, and rapid cooling (RC), in which roots were exposed to 5 °C for 5 days. RZTC caused a decrease in total amino acid content, except for glutamic acid and proline in T. coreanum leaves. In roots, the RC treatment significantly increased proline and glutamine, with glutamine exhibiting the most significant changes, thus increasing total amino acids. MAO inhibition assays indicated improved activity in both leaves and roots following RZTC treatments, with RC enhancing the inhibitory effects to a greater extent than GC treatment. Therefore, exposing the roots of T. coreanum to 5 °C for 5 days can result in roots with high glutamine content and leaves and roots with improved inhibition rates against MAO.