Over 90% of preterm neonates are, often empirically, exposed to antibiotics as a potentially life-saving measure against sepsis. Long-term outcome in association with antibiotic exposure (NABE) has insufficiently been studied after preterm birth. We investigated the association of NABE-duration with early-childhood developmental and health outcomes in preterm-born children and additionally assessed the impact of GA on outcomes. Preterm children (GA < 30 weeks) participating in a multicenter cohort study were approached for follow-up. General expert-reviewed health questionnaires on respiratory, atopic and gastrointestinal symptoms were sent to parents of children > 24 months’ corrected age (CA). Growth and developmental assessments (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID) III) were part of standard care assessment at 24 months’ CA. Uni- and multivariate regressions were performed with NABE (per 5 days) and GA (per week) as independent variables. Odds ratios (OR) for health outcomes were adjusted (aOR) for confounders, where appropriate. Of 1079 infants whose parents were approached, 347 (32%) responded at a mean age of 4.6 years (SD 0.9). In children with NABE (97%), NABE duration decreased by 1.6 days (p < 0.001) per week of gestation. Below-average gross-motor development (BSID-III gross-motor score < 8) was associated with duration of NABE (aOR = 1.28; p = 0.04). The aOR for constipation was 0.81 (p = 0.04) per gestational week. Growth was inversely correlated with GA. Respiratory and atopic symptoms were not associated with NABE, nor GA. We observed that prolonged NABE after preterm birth was associated with below-average gross-motor development at 24 months’ CA, while a low GA was associated with lower weight and stature Z-scores and higher odds for constipation.

Objective: To correlate the sonographic severity of adenomyosis, assessed with real‐time ultrasound and a novel semi‐quantified method (XI‐VOCAL counting and categories) with adenomyosis‐associated symptoms. Methods: This observational study was conducted in a tertiary referral outpatient clinic. We consecutively included 115 participants with ≥1 direct ultrasonographic adenomyosis feature; those with dominant myoma, malignancy, pelvic infection, pregnancy, breastfeeding, inadequate imaging, postmenopause, or hormonal medication use were excluded. A routine clinical protocol was followed for anamnestic and ultrasound data. Menstrual bleeding was assessed subjectively (three‐point scale) and with a pictorial blood loss analysis chart (PBAC). Dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain were evaluated using a numeric rating scale (NRS). A retrospective questionnaire was sent for missing items. Real‐time severity was scored by experienced gynecologists. XI‐VOCAL‐based severity was assessed independently and blinded to clinical data, providing two severity scores: XI‐VOCAL counting and XI‐VOCAL categories. Correlations with symptoms were analyzed using Jonckheere‐Terpstra, linear and logistic regression. Results: The real‐time severity (severe vs mild) showed a strong correlation with adjusted PBAC ( β 590.01, 95% CI 207.16–972.86, P < .01) and subjective blood loss assessment (OR 5.48, 95% CI 1.14–26.28, P < .05). Additionally, a strong correlation was found between XI‐VOCAL counting and XI‐VOCAL categories with adjusted PBAC score (XI‐VOCAL counting: β 53.15, 95% CI 12.06–94.24, P < .05; XI‐VOCAL categories (severe vs mild): β 627.36, 95% CI 165.92–1088.81, P < .05). No correlations were found with adjusted dysmenorrhea, chronic abdominal/pelvic pain, or dyspareunia. Conclusion: Both real‐time severity and XI‐VOCAL‐assessed severity correlate with adjusted PBAC scores and subjective blood assessment. XI‐VOCAL appears more standardized, while real‐time assessment may be influenced by symptom severity. Larger studies correcting for pain‐related confounders are needed.