The presence of faults can significantly impact the propagation and evolution of stress waves, making it crucial to study them for seismic safety designs of underground tunnels. In this paper, the propagation mechanism of stress waves across faults was analyzed using the momentum conservation theory and continuum theory. The propagation model of two-dimensional elastic-plastic stress wave was derived. The shaking table model test of near fault tunnel was carried out. The results indicate a strong correlation between the experimental and theoretical values, as both were well-fitted to the peak point of the acceleration time-history curve. Error analysis was conducted using Pearson’s coefficient of contingence, comparing the peak points of the test curve and theoretical curve. The data from both groups showed a significant correlation. According to experimental verification and error analysis, the theoretical model was capable of accurately reflecting the propagation and evolution mechanism of seismic waves in faults. These results can serve as a valuable reference for seismic design of near fault tunnels.

The use of the heavy hammer compaction method can enhance the bearing characteristics of underwater rubble-mound foundations. This is crucial to ensure the safety and stability of port and coastal engineering projects. In the present work, a combination of image-recognition technology, 3D laser scanning technology, a discrete element numerical simulation, and a field test was first utilized to establish riprap particles and reconstruct a discrete element numerical model of a rubble-mound foundation, and then the effects of various influencing factors on the bearing characteristics of the rubble-mound foundation were studied. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The load–settlement curve of the rubble-mound foundation can be divided into three stages: rapid growth stage, slow growth stage, and failure stage. (2) The ultimate bearing capacity of the rubble-mound foundation is positively correlated with the vibration time and vibration amplitude. The riprap particle size and the foundation thickness have negligible effects on the ultimate bearing capacity of the rubble-mound foundation. (3) When adjusting the vibration time, vibration amplitude, and foundation thickness, the settlement value of the rubble-mound foundation tends to increase as the compactness increases. On the other hand, the effects of factors such as the riprap particle size, riprap particle gradation, and vibration frequency on the compactness and settlement value of the rubble-mound foundation are less significant.