Gene knockout is a widely used method in biology for investigating gene function. Several technologies are available for gene knockout, including zinc-finger nuclease technology (ZFN), suicide plasmid vector systems, transcription activator-like effector protein nuclease technology (TALEN), Red homologous recombination technology, CRISPR/Cas, and others. Of these, Red homologous recombination technology, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and suicide plasmid vector systems have been the most extensively used for knocking out bacterial drug resistance genes. These three technologies have been shown to yield significant results in researching bacterial gene functions in numerous studies. This study provides an overview of current gene knockout methods that are effective for genetic drug resistance testing in bacteria. The study aims to serve as a reference for selecting appropriate techniques.

Kaempferide exhibits a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor activity, kidney protection, oxidative stress relief, gastroprotection, and endocrine regulation. The increasing attention surrounding kaempferide, a promising therapeutic agent, has sparked considerable debate, making it a topic of significant interest in recent research. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the clinical applications, pharmacological properties, and underlying molecular mechanisms of kaempferide, while also examining its potential for future therapeutic applications in the field of pharmacology. We used the keywords “kaempferide” and “kaempferide derivatives” to search for relevant articles in Science Direct, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Kaempferide possesses anti-inflammatory, stomach-protective, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-adipogenic activities, and thus has great potential in different systemic therapies. These interactions involve a multitude of pathways that directly or indirectly affect upstream and downstream key molecules. Although kaempferide has shown promising potential, its practical applications still require further in-depth investigation. Future research should prioritize elucidating its mechanisms of action, identifying specific therapeutic targets, and optimizing the compound to facilitate its translation into drug development.

Phage display technology has become an important research tool in biological research, fundamentally changing the traditional monoclonal antibody preparation process, and has been widely used in the establishment of antigen-antibody libraries, drug design, vaccine research, pathogen detection, gene therapy, antigenic epitope research, and cellular signal transduction research.The phage display is a powerful platform for technology development. Using phage display technology, single chain fragment variable (scFv) can be screened, replacing the disadvantage of the large size of traditional antibodies. Phage display single chain antibody libraries have significant biological implications. Here we describe the types of antibodies, including chimeric antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and scFvs. In addition, we describe the phage display system, phage display single chain antibody libraries, screening of specific antibodies by phage libraries and the application of phage libraries.

Introduction Most of the immunosuppressive drugs are used for the treatment of autoimmune disease, allergic diseases, and transplant rejection, but toxicity is the major obstacle for the potent drugs in the wide use of these immunosuppressive drugs. Daphnetin, a Chinese herbal product, has been reported that daphnetin possesses antimicrobial, anticoagulation, antimalarial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity. In a previous study, we found that daphnetin exhibited a potential immunosuppressive effect on LPS-induced B lymphocyte cells in vitro, therefore, in this research, we investigated the immunosuppressive effects of daphnetin in BALB/c mice use OVA as a prototype antigen. Methods Sixty BALB/c mice were divided into six groups. The emulsion (100 mu L containing 100 mu g OVA) was injected subcutaneously with OVA + CFA into the shaved backs of the BALB/c mice on day 1, and a boosting injection was administered in OVA + IFA 2 weeks later. Beginning on the day of immunization, the immunized mice were administered intraperitoneally with daphnetin at a dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg in saline solution for 28 consecutive days. We measured the effect of daphnetin on OVA-specific antibody, cytokine production, and Splenocyte proliferation in vivo. Results The results revealed that daphnetin significantly suppressed serum immunoglobulin G levels (IgG), and the OVA-specific IgG subclasses IgG1 and IgG2b, daphnetin was also significantly decreased the Th1 and Th2 cytokine productions, inhibited the splenocytes proliferation rate in vivo. Conclusions It proved that daphnetin could suppress humoral response activity on OVA-sensitized mice, suggesting a potential role on daphnetin as a new immunosuppressive drug.