This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR, TEM, and DLS, were employed to assess both lignin and LNP properties. The antioxidant activity of the LNPs was evaluated as well. The results demonstrated the successful formation of spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm with initial lignin concentrations of 1 and 2%^w/_v. The study highlighted the crucial role of lignin purity in LNP formation and colloidal stability, noting that residual carbohydrates adversely affect efficiency. This method offers a straightforward, environmentally friendly approach using cost-effective solvents, applicable to diverse lignin sources. The innovation of this study lies in its demonstration of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to produce stable, nanometric-sized spherical LNPs. These LNPs have significant potential as reinforcement materials due to their reinforcing capability, hydrophilicity, and UV absorption. This work underscores the importance of starting material purity for optimizing the process and achieving the desired nanometric dimensions, marking a pioneering advancement in lignin-based nanomaterials.

Numerical models using a 3-D finite element analysis method and the behaviour of dowel-welded wood joints are presented. Simulation results for step butt wood joints with two welded wood dowels und...

Low molecular mass acetylated organosolv lignin from wheat straw and from depolymerised low sulphur organosolv wood lignin have been shown to markedly improve both the water resistance and the mechanical performance of welded dowel wood joints. The acetylated oligomers distribution and extent of acetylation of the two lignins were determined by Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Extensive acetylation was confirmed by CP-MAS ¹³C NMR spectrometry. Force–displacement measurements on welded dowel joints to which acetylated wood lignins were added showed a ductile behaviour. This is due to the interpenetration of the elastic acetylated lignin network into the more rigid composite network of the welded interphase.

Comparison of three types of furniture joints such as scarf joints, step butt joints and dovetail joints held together either by one or two welded dowels, glued dowels and steel nails showed that t...