To investigate the cytokine profile as biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without obesity, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS databases were combined with handsearching of articles published from 1977 up to May 2016 using relevant MeSH terms. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for each of the cytokines: resistin, adiponectin, TNF-α, leptin, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β. Forest plots were produced reporting standardized mean difference of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals. Eleven studies were included. Three studies showed comparable levels of leptin among obese and nonobese patients with CP. Four studies reported comparable levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and resistin whereas five studies reported comparable levels of adiponectin. Two studies reported similar levels of CRP in patients with periodontitis with and without obesity. One study showed higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in obese patients with CP. One study showed higher levels of IL-1βand IL-8 in obese patients with CP. The level of localized periodontal inflammation may have a greater influence on the GCF proinflammatory biomarker levels as compared to systemic obesity. Whether patients having chronic periodontitis with obesity have elevated proinflammatory GCF biomarkers levels compared to nonobese individuals remains debatable.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic dynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) against periodontal pathogens. Background data: SRP followed by laser therapy has better clinical outcomes than conventional SRP alone. Materials and methods: The question addressed was “Does aPDT as an adjunct to SRP exhibit better bactericidal effect against periodontal pathogens than the use of SRP alone in periodontal disease?” MEDLINE ^® /PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1977 to December 2015, using different combinations of key words. Review articles, in vitro and experimental studies, and articles in languages other than English were excluded. Results: Seventeen clinical studies were included. Laser wavelengths and duration of irradiation ranged between 470 and 810 nm and 60 and 300 sec, respectively. All studies showed that aPDT application was effective in reducing the counts of periodontal microbes at follow-up. Four studies showed significantly reduced bacterial counts for aPDT as an adjunct to SRP compared with SRP alone. Thirteen studies showed comparable reduction in the counts of periodontal bacteria when aPDT alone or as an adjunct to SRP was compared with SRP alone. Conclusions: The bactericidal efficacy of aPDT as an adjunct to SRP against periodontal pathogens in periodontal disease remains debatable.