The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal combustion or electric engines.

Air pollution poses a significant risk to both human health and the environment in the contemporary world. Among the various pollutants, particulate matter with a diameter 50 %. A thorough investigation of the city's emission structure, taking into account only emissions from the city without background, indicates that the residential sector contributes about 77.3 % of the total annual average PM_2.5 concentration in Wroclaw. The transportation and industrial sectors account for nearly 19.5 % and 3.2 %, respectively.

Air pollution is the major environmental health threat, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, premature mortality, and large economic burdens. Consequently, Low Emission Zones (LEZs) have widely been implemented across European cities, with the main objective of reducing air pollution by prohibiting access to high-emission vehicles. The present study evaluates the impact of an LEZ on air quality, health cost, and economic burdens in Wroclaw, Poland. We applied detailed spatial modeling using the ADMS-Urban model to simulate pollution levels. Our findings show that by 2035 citywide annual mean NO₂ declines by 23.1% compared to 2022 (from 26.04 to 20.04 µg/m³). About 15% points of this decrease come from baseline fleet turnover and about 8% points are attributable to the LEZ. These air quality improvements bring meaningful health benefits, such as fewer chronic disease-related deaths (16.5% decrease) and fewer bronchitis cases in children (13.9% decrease). These health improvements translate into estimated annual economic savings of approximately €55 million. However, impacts on PM_2.5 pollution levels are small, with minimal decreases observed across the city. Moreover, O₃ concentrations increase by 5.0% in the LEZ and 6.3% citywide, highlighting the complex photochemical interactions that influence urban air quality. These findings emphasize the differentiated effects of LEZs on air pollution, with clear benefits for NO₂ reduction and associated health outcomes but limited impact on PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations.