Reducing the urban–rural income gap stands as a pivotal factor in attaining sustainable economic development. Policymakers and researchers have focused on whether digital inclusive finance can narrow the urban–rural income gap. Utilizing provincial-level panel data from 31 regions in China, this paper empirically tests the impact of digital inclusive finance on the urban–rural income gap across different areas of China, specifically analyzing the mediation effect of rural loan availability. The findings indicate that (1) the expansion of digital inclusive finance can enhance the inclusiveness of financial services in rural areas and narrow the urban–rural income gap; (2) the effect of digital inclusive finance on the urban–rural income gap exhibits regional heterogeneity; (3) the rural loan availability has a mediation effect on the urban–rural income gap, but its growth will weaken the narrowing effect of digital inclusive finance on urban–rural income gap; and (4) the reduction in the urban–rural income gap attributable to digital inclusive finance exhibits a nonlinear relationship with the level of urbanization. This paper recommends guiding the digital transformation of rural financial institutions and enhancing farmers’ financial literacy to increase the availability of loans in rural areas. Furthermore, implementing region-specific policies and regulations could effectively narrow the urban–rural income gap.

This article investigates the potential for carbon reduction in urban parks in Shangqiu City using high-resolution remote sensing imagery. The aim is to guide modern urban carbon neutrality strategies. The carbon-saving potential is estimated based on the mitigation of the urban heat island effect by park greenery, which reduces energy consumption. Then, the sample parks were divided into different categories, and 16 landscape metrics were selected to analyze their relationship with carbon-saving potential and driving factors. We found that a total of 300.57 t CO₂ could be reduced in Shangqiu City parks, and on average, a park could reduce 2.55 ± 0.31 t CO₂ (1.79 ± 0.29 t CO₂ ha⁻¹) per summer day. The significant effect of landscape patterns on park carbon-saving differs between park categories, which means that park carbon-saving enhancement strategies need to be different for different park categories. Meanwhile, this study implies that the landscape pattern can be designed to enhance the carbon-saving potential of urban parks, which can play a great role in promoting the process of carbon neutrality and mitigating climate change in China.

This article investigates the potential for carbon reduction in urban parks in Shangqiu City using high-resolution remote sensing imagery. The aim is to guide modern urban carbon neutrality strategies. The carbon reduction potential is estimated based on the mitigation of the urban heat island effect by park greenery, which reduces energy consumption. The parks are regarded as cool island centers, and 100 cooling gradients are gradually formed outward until the temperature reaches that of impermeable urban surfaces. The energy saved by the parks in mitigating the heat island effect is statistically calculated as the carbon reduction potential of urban park greenery. Additionally, this article classifies the sample parks into different categories and selects 26 landscape metrics to analyze their relationship with carbon-saving potential and driving factors.