Recently, the immune system has been identified as one of the possible main bridges which connect the gut–brain axis. This review aims to examine available evidence on the microbiota–immunity–cognitive relationship and its possible effects on human health early in life. This review was assembled by compiling and analyzing various literature and publications that document the gut microbiota–immune system–cognition interaction and its implications in the pediatric population. This review shows that the gut microbiota is a pivotal component of gut physiology, with its development being influenced by a variety of factors and, in return, supports the development of overall health. Findings from current research focus on the complex relationship between the central nervous system, gut (along with gut microbiota), and immune cells, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced interaction among these systems for preserving homeostasis, and demonstrating the influence of gut microbes on neurogenesis, myelin formation, the potential for dysbiosis, and alterations in immune and cognitive functions. While limited, evidence shows how gut microbiota affects innate and adaptive immunity as well as cognition (through HPA axis, metabolites, vagal nerve, neurotransmitter, and myelination).

Introduction: The lingering Severe Acute Respiratory System-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic worldwide has called scientists to accelerate vaccine production and reduce the spread of the virus. The inactivated virus vaccine has been administered widely due to its potency. Following its recent public use, we aim to summarize the efficacy and safety of the inactivated vaccine, especially following Indonesia’s settlement on the SinoVac vaccine. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was performed, searching for randomized controlled trials, according to the PRISMA statement throughout four online databases with studies published up to 2 February 2021. Critical appraisal was further conducted utilizing the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Results and Discussions: The search yielded six phase ½ clinical trials with a total of 3251 subjects. The outcome was obtained in seroconversion rates (%) after two doses of vaccine. Four studies administered the CoronaVac inactivated vaccine and resulted in a high seroconversion rate, ranging from 89—90%. The other two studies administered the BBV152 and BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine and showed similar results. Furthermore, a dose dependent relation is shown with higher doses showing higher seroconversion rates. The safety analysis reported injection site pain as an insignificant but most prevalent local adverse reaction, with other adverse reactions being mild to moderate respiratory tract infections Conclusion: The inactivated vaccine’s efficacy has been proven to stimulate antibody response regardless of dosage, period of administration, and age, with insignificant adverse effects. Further phase 3 clinical trials and widespread administration with the help of non-governmental and medical student organizations are recommended

Submitted: 1 February 2022 Accepted: 16 February 2022 Published online: 5 July, TAPS 2022, 7(3), 57-59 https://doi.org/10.29060/TAPS.2022-7-3/PV2737 Garry Soloan1,2 & Muhammad Athallah Arsyaf1,2 1Medical Education Center, Indonesian Medical Education & Research Institute (IMERI) Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2Undergraduate Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia From exams based on […]

Introduction: Osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the knee are rare lesions that cause pain and significant morbidity. These lesions are known to have no capacity for repair and increase the risk of secondary osteoarthritis. Mosaicplasty has been demonstrated to be a feasible choice for treating OCD of the knee, with the potential to relieve knee pain and facilitate return to sports. This report evaluated functional outcomes of the knee following arthroscopic mosaicplasty for the reconstruction of OCD. Method: Two patients with OCD underwent reconstruction with arthroscopic mosaicplasty. Donor autograft was harvested from the nonweight‐bearing area of the ipsilateral knee and then implanted into the defect site. Preoperative and postoperative knee function was assessed using Tegner–Lysholm and IKDC scores. Result: For Cases 1 and 2, mosaicplasty improved the Tegner–Lysholm score by 23 and 74 points and increased the IKDC score by 11.5% and 64.4%, respectively. No postoperative complications were recorded. Discussion: The use of arthroscopic mosaicplasty is an efficient, single‐step procedure with minimal adverse events and quick recovery. Here, we demonstrated that mosaicplasty allows for immediate structural reconstruction of the defect site, superior biomechanical properties through direct hyaline cartilage, and subchondral bone implantation in extensive, high‐grade lesions according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grading system classification for OCDs. The functional outcome 1 year following the procedure reveals excellent knee function and allows a patient to return to sports. Conclusion: This case series highlights current challenges in the treatment of OCD and the availability of surgical options for its treatment. Our experience demonstrates that arthroscopic mosaicplasty produced excellent postoperative functional outcomes for the treatment of OCD, allowed for return to sports, and resulted in no significant complications.