This study explores the neuropharmacological potential of various molecular and amino acid components derived from Syzygium aromaticum (clove), an aromatic spice with a long history of culinary and medicinal use. Key bioactive compounds such as eugenol, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, gallic acid, quercetin, and luteolin demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties by scavenging free radicals, modulating calcium channels, and reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, gallic acid and asiatic acid may exhibit protective effects, including neuronal apoptosis inhibition, while other useful properties of clove phytocompounds include NF-κB pathway inhibition, membrane stabilization, and suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways, possibly in neurons or other relevant cell types, further contributing to neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Amino acid analysis revealed essential and non-essential amino acids such as aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, and arginine in various clove parts (buds, fruits, branches, and leaves). These amino acids play crucial roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, immune modulation, antioxidant defense, and metabolic regulation. Collectively, these bioactive molecules and amino acids contribute to clove’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neurotransmitter-modulating effects, highlighting its potential as a preventive and therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative disorders. While preliminary preclinical studies support these neuroprotective properties, further research, including clinical trials, is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of clove-based interventions in neuroprotection.

Numerous applications of amino acid-based compounds and peptide derivatives in different biomedicine- and nanotechnology-related fields were described in the recent scientific literature

We report on the synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-containing thioxo-triazole-bearing dipeptide 5, evaluated for potential therapeutic applications. The compound was tested for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, demonstrating significant effects in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting microbial growth, particularly when combined with plant extracts from an endemic Peonia species from the Caucasus. Circular dichroism (CD) binding studies with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA revealed important interactions, suggesting the dipeptide’s potential in biomedically relevant conditions that involve DNA modulation. Molecular docking and CD spectra deconvolution provided additional insights into the binding mechanisms and structural characteristics of the formed complexes with the biomolecular targets. The Fmoc group enhances the dipeptide’s lipophilicity, which may facilitate its interaction with cellular membranes, supporting efficient drug delivery. A computational evaluation at the ωB97XD/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory was carried out, confirming the experimental results and revealing a powerful potential of the peptide as an antioxidant, through FMOs, MEP analysis, and antioxidant mechanism assessments. Together, these findings suggest that this dipeptide could be valuable as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, with potential applications in pathologies involving oxidative stress, DNA modulation, and microbial infections.

This study explores the neuropharmacological potential of various molecular and amino acid components derived from Syzygium aromaticum (clove), an aromatic spice with a long history of culinary and medicinal use. Key bioactive compounds such as eugenol, α -humulene, β -caryophyllene, gallic acid, quercetin, and luteolin demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties by scavenging free radicals, modulating calcium channels, and reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, gallic acid and asiatic acid exhibit protective effects, including apoptosis inhibition, while other useful properties of clove phytocompounds include NF-κB pathway inhibition, membrane stabilization, and suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways, further contributing to neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Amino acid analysis revealed essential and non-essential amino acids such as aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, and arginine in various clove parts (buds, fruits, branches, and leaves). These amino acids play crucial roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, immune modulation, antioxidant defense, and metabolic regulation. Collectively, these bioactive molecules and amino acids contribute to clove’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neurotransmitter-modulating effects, highlighting its potential as a preventive and therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative disorders. While preliminary preclinical studies support these neuroprotective properties, further research, including clinical trials, is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of clove-based interventions in neuroprotection.

This study presents the chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of a novel non-natural synthetic amino acid. The compound was synthesized in solution, purified, and characterized using NMR spectroscopy, polarimetry, and melting point determination. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis demonstrated its ability to form aggregates with an average size of 391 nm, extending to the low micrometric size range. Furthermore, cellular biological assays revealed its ability to enhance fibroblast cell growth, highlighting its potential for tissue regenerative applications. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed the ability of the synthetic amino acid to bind serum albumins (using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model), and CD deconvolution provided insights into the changes in the secondary structures of BSA upon interaction with the amino acid ligand. Additionally, molecular docking using HDOCK software elucidated the most likely binding mode of the ligand inside the BSA structure. We also performed in silico oligomerization of the synthetic compound in order to obtain a model of aggregate to investigate computationally. In more detail, the dimer formation achieved by molecular self-docking showed two distinct poses, corresponding to the lowest and comparable energies, with one pose exhibiting a quasi-coplanar arrangement characterized by a close alignment of two aromatic rings from the synthetic amino acids within the dimer, suggesting the presence of π-π stacking interactions. In contrast, the second pose displayed a non-coplanar configuration, with the aromatic rings oriented in a staggered arrangement, indicating distinct modes of interaction. Both poses were further utilized in the self-docking procedure. Notably, iterative molecular docking of amino acid structures resulted in the formation of higher-order aggregates, with a model of a 512-mer aggregate obtained through self-docking procedures. This model of aggregate presented a cavity capable of hosting therapeutic cargoes and biomolecules, rendering it a potential scaffold for cell adhesion and growth in tissue regenerative applications. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of this synthetic amino acid for tissue regenerative therapeutics and provide valuable insights into its molecular interactions and aggregation behavior.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-containing thioxo-triazole-bearing dipeptide Fmoc-(S)-Asp(O-tert-butyl)-(S)-β-(4-phenyl- 3-propyl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-Ala, evaluated for potential therapeutic ap-plications. The compound was tested for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, demon-strating significant effects in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting microbial growth, particularly when combined with plant extracts from an endemic Peonia species from the Caucasus. Circular Dichroism (CD) binding studies with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA revealed important interactions, suggesting the dipeptide’s potential in biomedical-ly-relevant conditions that involve DNA modulation. Molecular docking and CD spectra decon-volution provided additional insights into its binding mechanisms and structural characteristics of the formed complexes with the biomolecular targets. The Fmoc group enhances the dipeptide’s lipophilicity, which may facilitate its interaction with cellular membranes, supporting efficient drug delivery. A computational evaluation at B97XD/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory was carried out, confirming the experimental results and revealing a powerful potential of the peptide as an-tioxidant, throughout FMOs, MEP analysis and antioxidant mechanism assessments. Together, these findings suggest that this dipeptide could be valuable as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, with potential applications in pathologies involving oxidative stress, DNA modulation, and microbial infections.