Since Yarrowia lipolytica, an oily yeast, contains many valuable products as biomass, to increase its widespread use, it is very important to develop a sustainable production model. In this study, the production of high acid hydrolysate from sawdust biomass, which is produced in very high amounts in our environment, and the effect of these products on the growth efficiency of Yarrowia lipolytica were investigated. A preliminary statistical analysis was carried out to assess sugar production from sawdust by hydrolysis, which estimated 85% of total sugar recovery (TSR) using 96 g of sawdust, while TSR at the highest sawdust was as high as 79%. There was a higher loss in the recovery of C₅ sugars with acid and time. This study revealed that Y. lipolytica could grow with high biomass yields in varying hydrolysate concentrations, approaching yields achieved in synthetic glucose media. The maximum biomass obtained was 13 and 26 g in batch and airlift operations, respectively, using organic nutrients. Biomass and lipid yields from kinetic modeling provided a close approximation to the experimental yields performed on an airlift reactor. It was found that Y. lipolytica biomass cultivated on sawdust hydrolysates had significant lipid and protein compositions, as high as 29 and 38%, respectively.

Several strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis are blockbusters of commercial dietary supplement cocktails, widely recognized for their probiotic properties and found in various ecological niches. The present study aimed to perform an in-depth comparative genomic analysis on 71 B. animalis subsp. lactis strains isolated from diverse sources, including human and animal feces, breast milk, fermented foods, and commercial dietary supplements, to better elucidate the strain level diversity and biotechnological potential of this species. The average genome size was found to be 1.93 ± 0.05 Mb, with a GC content of 60.45% ± 0.2, an average of 1562 ± 41.3 coding sequences (CDS), and 53.4 ± 1.6 tRNA genes. A comparative genomic analysis revealed significant genetic diversity among the strains, with a core genome analysis showing that 34.7% of the total genes were conserved, while the pan-genome remained open, indicating ongoing gene acquisition. Functional annotation through EggNOG-Mapper and CAZYme clustering highlighted diverse metabolic capabilities, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism. Nearly all (70 of 71) Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains were found to harbor CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems (predominantly of the Type I-E subtype), underscoring the ubiquity of this phage defense mechanism in the species. A comparative analysis of spacer sequences revealed distinct strain-specific CRISPR profiles, with certain strains sharing identical spacers that correlate with common phylogenetic clades or similar isolation sources—an indication of exposure to the same phage populations and shared selective pressures. These findings highlight a dynamic co-evolution between B. lactis and its bacteriophages across diverse ecological niches and point to the potential of leveraging its native CRISPR-Cas systems for future biotechnological applications. Our findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional diversity of B. animalis subsp. lactis, providing valuable insights for its use in probiotics and functional foods.

Müsilaj oluşumu, çeşitli biyolojik ve hidrolojik etkileşimleri içeren çok karmaşık bir olgudur. Müsilaj oluşumuna elverişli koşullar oşinografik değişimlerle gözlenebilirken, ortamda bulunan bakteriyel ve fitoplanktona dayalı aktiviteler de müsilaj oluşumunda etkin rol oynar. 17. yüzyıldan beri farklı denizlerde ve ekosistemlerde gözlenmiş müsilajın, mikrobiyal yapısı ve şekli de farklıdır. Bu durumu, müsilaj oluşumunun çoğunlukla taksona özgü olması ve kalınlığının ile dokusunun ise çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmesi ile açıklamak mümkündür. Müsilaj araştırmalarında baskın tür olarak çoğunlukla fitoplankterler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle, ortamdaki yüksek organik madde miktarı ve nutrient miktarları, fitoplankton oluşumu ve mikroçevre oluşumunu tetiklemektedir ve suyun sıcaklık, akışkanlık, türbidite gibi bazı özellikleri müsilaj üretimini artırıcı etki göstermektedir. Bu derlemede, öncelikle çözünmüş organik madde (ÇOM) ve mikrobiyal popülasyonun agregat oluşturarak nasıl müsilaja dönüştüğünden bahsedilmiştir. Sonrasında, mikrobiyal ekoloji incelemelerinde müsilajın yapısında karşılaşılmış canlı grupları anlatılmıştır. Müsilaj bölgelerinde gözlenen baskın türler, vaka bilgileri ile detaylı olarak anlatıldıktan sonra, müsilaj oluşumu sonucu yaşamı olumsuz etkilenen canlılardan bazı örnekler verilmiştir.