In the present study, we have developed a green approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (DSAgNPs) using aqueous extract of Durio zibethinus seed and determined its antibacterial, photocatalytic and cytotoxic effects. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed the formation of DSAgNPs with a maximum absorbance (λ_max) of 420 nm. SEM and TEM images revealed DSAgNPs were spherical and rod shaped, with a size range of 20 nm and 75 nm. The zeta potential was found to be −15.41 mV. XRD and EDX analyses confirmed the nature and presence of Ag and AgCl. DSAgNPs showed considerable antibacterial activity, exhibited better cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, and shown better photocatalytic activity against methylene blue. Based on the present research work, it can be concluded that DSAgNPs could be used in the field of water treatment, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, biosensor and nanotechnology in near future.

Galega officinalis is a summer-flowering perennial herb found in most temperate regions. One of the first use of this herb was to cure the frequent urination associated with the disease, now called as diabetes mellitus. In 1926, polymethethylene diguanides had been introduced for the treatment of diabetes and due to its debilitating effect on the liver, it had been withdrawn in the 1940s. On working with dicyanodiamide and dimethylammonium, Dublin chemists, Emil Werner and James Bell had discovered a compound in 1922. They found out that dicyanodiamide on reaction with dimethyl ammonium chloride yielded dimethyldiguanide, i.e., metformin. The Food and Drugs Administration approves metformin to be used for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin was approved for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in 1958 for UK, in 1972 for Canada and in 1995 by FDA in USA. Although metformin was initially proven to treat high sugar levels, there are many uses of metformin proven to be effective. Metformin not only for diabetes, but also for gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypersecretion of ovarian androgens, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), antipsychotic therapy induced weight gain, cancer treatment and anti-aging. Metformin is the drug of choice for patients who are obese and have type 2 diabetes mellitus. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and decreasing peripheral insulin resistance. Metformin acts on obesity by causing a decrease in the appetite. The other action of metformin is reduction of circulating levels of insulin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which is associated with anticancer action. There are ongoing research about the effect of metformin on anti-aging properties and proved that metformin is linked with anti-aging factors. Three main factors that are related with aging are oxidation, glycation and methylation.

Background: This review elaborates on the definition, incidence, risk factors and treatment options for contrast-induced acute renal injury and highlights the potential therapeutic options to prevent this condition. Contrast-induced nephropathy is a subclinical and acute form of renal failure characterized by an unexplained worsening of renal function within 48–72 h after the administration of iodinated contrast media. Methods: A PubMed search was performed to identify studies published in English and focused on contrast-induced nephropathy using specific keywords:: contrast-induced nephropathy, acute renal failure, iodinated contrast agent, chronic renal failure, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Results: The risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy increases in the presence of certain factors, including pre-existing renal dysfunction, diabetes, congestive heart failure, advanced age, and the concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs; this risk varies from 5% in patients with mild renal dysfunction to 50% in patients with diabetes and severe renal dysfunction. Conclusions: Over recent years, many patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, do not opt to receive iodinated contrast agents due to the risk of acute renal failure, thus compromising diagnostic procedures. However, recent studies have shown that contrast-induced nephropathy occurs less frequently in patients with normal renal function than in those with pre-existing chronic renal failure and/or diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, over recent years, preventive strategies using intravenous fluids, pharmaceuticals, and renal replacement therapy, have reduced the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy. However, as diagnostic and therapeutic intervention paradigms evolve, some questions remain unanswered.

Background: Inhalation is the preferred method of delivering medication for respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other respiratory disease. A nebulizer converts a medication in liquid form to mist, so that the medication can be inhaled into the lungs. The aim of the study is to systematically review the knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients using nebulization therapy at home. The objective of the study is to review the procedure of nebulizer technique and to interpret the outcome of the studies. Method: Scopus, PubMed, BMJ, and other database from 2000 to 2020 were searched using Boolean operators. Title and abstract were screened for nebulizer technology and for inclusion and exclusion criteria. After full text screening 16 articles were included in the study. Result: Use of nebulizer at home was a challenge at all stages including setting up and operating nebulizer, filling up of medication, inhalation technique, end point dismantling, and maintenance. The main challenge experienced by the participants was with cleaning and disinfecting of nebulizer. There were studies that reported with 71.6% pathogen contamination due to inappropriate cleaning and disinfecting. Conclusion: Patients with respiratory disease using nebulizers at home find difficulty in appropriate and rational use of the device. Apart from the nebulizer user guidelines from the manufactures, it is suggested that a short audio visual demonstrating the appropriate and effective use of nebulizers and also its maintenance in their colloquial language with handout infographics would highly facilitate the effective use of nebulizers.

Objective: To evaluate enuresis-induced antiepileptic drugs in children. Data Sources: A PubMed search (1917 to July 2020) was performed using the following keywords and associated medical subject headings: antiepileptic drugs, enuresis, pediatric population, drug-induced enuresis, and epilepsy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The search was conducted to find the role of antiepileptic drugs–induced enuresis in children in studies published in English. Data Synthesis: Enuresis or bedwetting is an underreported adverse drug reaction of antiepileptic drugs. Owing to that fact, it is a condition that is outgrown with age and also could cause embarrassment. As antiepileptic drugs sometimes need to be taken for a long duration until epilepsy relapses, the occurrence of enuresis in this situation can be troublesome for both the child and the caretaker. Even though enuresis is proposed to have a significant effect on the child’s psychology, it is still considered to be a condition that is outgrown with age. This article includes a review of antiepileptic drugs reported to have caused enuresis in children. Conclusions: If a child develops enuresis as an adverse drug reaction, this adds further challenges to their life. A better understanding of this potential adverse effect may help prevent unwanted stress. Though the exact mechanisms are not known, the hypothesis generated is from the occurred cases, most of which relapsed when the drug was withdrawn. Considering the gravity of epilepsy in children, more detailed studies need to be conducted on this adverse effect to ensure a safe and effective treatment in children.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a prevalent and progressive respiratory disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation, often associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of COPD, emphasizing its clinical significance and impact on global health. COPD represents a significant public health concern, with escalating prevalence and mortality rates worldwide. Understanding epidemiological trends and risk factors is crucial for effective disease management and prevention strategies. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines serve as a compass in COPD management. It provides a comprehensive overview of the GOLD guidelines, elucidating their role in risk stratification, treatment escalation, and personalized care for individuals across varying disease severities. The management of COPD involves a multidimensional approach targeting symptom relief, improving lung function, and enhancing overall quality of life. Pharmacological interventions, such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents, play a pivotal role. Beyond conventional pharmacological treatments, various traditional therapies have gained attention in COPD management. These may include complementary and alternative medicine practices, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and yoga. While evidence supporting the efficacy of these interventions is still evolving, exploring their potential benefits. A comprehensive and integrative approach is crucial for optimizing COPD care and improving the lives of individuals affected by this intricate respiratory condition. This abstract concludes by encouraging continued collaboration among clinicians and patients to shape the future of COPD care. Ultimately fostering hope for improved outcomes and an enhanced prospect for those living with severe respiratory ailments.