Vaccine accessibility and availability has been shown to be one of the key factors to ensure rapid responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased vaccine coverage is, however, dependent on vaccine supply and transportation, in particular ensuring that road networks have as minimal disruption as possible. In Indonesia, the most common and imminent threats affecting transport flows are due to frequent disasters such as floods, landslides, and high rainfall. This research is novel because it fills in the gap between health and disaster studies in COVID-19-related studies published since 2021. This study presents an analysis of susceptibility of various hydro-meteorological disasters on the trans-provincial roads that span over 856.014 km and cover an area of 38,744.23 km² over 13 districts in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The floods that occurred in January and November 2021 inundated an area of around 4000 km² (10 percent of the total study area) that spans along 13 sub-provincial/district areas. Data collected are analyzed using the geographical information system (GIS) to quantify and classify the impacts in the 13 districts, utilizing different indicators such as topography, road conditions and characteristics, amount of rainfall, and types of disasters that occurred (floods and landslides). The results show that the trans-provincial road, which is also the only road available for transporting vaccines in the South Kalimantan Province, was highly susceptible to various hydro-meteorological disasters. Around 20 percent of the total road length was disrupted by the floods, close to 4% of the road section passes through mountainous areas that make it susceptible to landslides, and about 13% to 23% of the road section is vulnerable to slip risks due to the extreme rainfall. The results presented here demand an overarching solution involving multiple stakeholders from public works and local disaster management offices in terms of disaster mitigation and preparedness strategies, and environmental protection in terms of disaster risk reduction implementation. This research contributes to the health sector particularly through future preparedness to pandemics and wider vaccine distribution and coverage through the identification and mapping of sections of roads impacted by multiple disasters.

Industrial disasters may cause massive public health problems, as they create large environmental damage and major loss of life. Balikpapan City has experienced a large oil spill which caused an industrial and environmental disaster: five fishermen died, various public health problems arose, and damage to environmental wildlife and ecosystems occurred. The objective of this study was to evaluate the industrial and environmental disaster risk related to hazardous material (hazmat) in Balikpapan. The research method involved the use of a semi-quantitative risk analysis with an originally organized checklist, a risk matrix, and a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. The results suggested that the risk score in Balikpapan’s City is 32 (MEDIUM; the dominant types of hazmat were flammables and corrosives). The major sectors contributing to the risk appeared to be the mining, energy, and oil and gas industries, with a medium risk (average risk score 33), while one clean water industry showed a low risk (risk score 24) using the checklist and risk matrix. According to the results from the GIS mapping, the areas t the highest risks appeared to be located within Balikpapan City coastal regions. The industries and the government of Balikpapan must be prepared for industrial and environmental disasters by educating competent major hazmat responders and ensuring a large spills response equipment, extensive environmental monitoring and measurement, procedures to deal with major fire and explosions and adequate disaster communication and coordination.

In 2019, well water was the primary source of clean water for 76.18% of Indonesian households. In the same year, based on an assessment of water quality in subdistricts in Indonesia, Jakarta had the third-lowest water quality index. This research aimed to analyze the impact of topographic, sociodemographic, and flood-related factors on well water quality in Jakarta from 2017 to 2019. This study employed an ecological design and used data obtained from various government agencies and has been published on an official website. Water quality data from wells in 261 subdistricts were analyzed using correlation and spatial analyses in this study. More than 83% of water well quality in Jakarta failed to meet the standard within the period of the study. The well water quality was the poorest in North Jakarta with the lowest elevation above sea level. The factors significantly associated with well water quality were low elevation (p ≤ 0.001), high population density (p = 0.015), and a low education level (p = 0.028). Local governments and private sectors should expand the piped water network and educate the public on well water quality and how to prevent waterborne diseases.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) is a plant species that has staple and medicinal potential and is common in tropical regions, including Southeast Asia regions. Despite sorghum being used widely, the information about potential distributions of sorghum in various ecoregions in Indonesia is still limited. Indonesia is a vast country with distinct ecoregions, with wet ecoregions in western parts of Indonesia and arid environments in eastern parts. The information on sorghum potential distribution in various ecoregions is important, and in this situation, this study aimed to model the sorghum potential distribution in various ecoregions using MaxEnt based machine learning. The total area of Indonesia that is suitable for sorghum is estimated to be 68,527,000 ha, or 28.17% of Indonesia’s areas. Among all ecoregions in Indonesia, Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda, representing dry ecoregions, are having the largest suitable areas. The Lesser Sunda and Sulawesi ecoregions have the highest suitable percentages of 44.76% for Lesser Sunda and 21.53% for Sulawesi ecoregions. The lowest percentages were observed in the Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua ecoregions, representing wet ecoregions. This confirms that sorghum prefers the dry ecoregions, as high percentages of suitable areas are observed in these kinds of ecoregions.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that relies heavily on maritime transportation. Among its five main islands, Java serves as a central hub for this transportation. As maritime transportation has developed, land use in coastal areas has changed, transforming intact vegetation into settlements and other uses. This vessel traffic, combined with land use changes, may impact water quality and macrobenthic communities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of land use and vessel traffic on water quality and macrobenthic communities, particularly in eastern East Java. This area experiences considerable vessel traffic from Kalimantan, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Papua. Simultaneously, its coastal areas have been transformed from intact vegetation into fishponds and settlements. Fifteen sites were selected for this study, with five sites representing each land use type. The results indicate decreasing water dissolved oxygen and pH levels and increasing temperature along the gradient from vegetated areas to fishponds and urban developments. Likewise, macrobenthic biomass declined along this gradient. Vessel traffic also contributed to the reduction in macrobenthic abundance. This study enhances our understanding of the relationships among land use, vessel traffic, and macrobenthic communities, highlighting the importance of coastal management that regulates coastal development and limits land use conversion and vessel traffic.