Superoxide reductases (SOR) are a family of non-heme iron enzymes that limit oxidative stress by catalysing the reduction of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and, thus, represent model systems for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. In several enzymes of this type, reductive activation of the active site involves the reversible dissociation of a glutamate from the proposed substrate binding site at the iron. In this study we have employed IR spectroscopic and theoretical methods to gain insights into redox-linked structural changes of 1Fe-type superoxide reductases, focusing on the enzyme from the archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis. Guided by crystal structure data and complemented by spectra calculation for an active site model, the main IR difference signals could be assigned. These signals reflect redox-induced structural changes in the first coordination sphere of the iron centre, adjacent loop and helical regions, and more remote β-sheets. By comparison with the spectra obtained for the E23A mutant of Ignicoccus hospitalis SOR, it is shown that glutamate E23 dissociates reversibly from the ferrous iron during reductive activation of the wild type enzyme. Moreover, this process is found to trigger a global conformational transition of the protein that is strictly dependent on the presence of E23. Similar concerted structural changes can be inferred from the IR spectra of related SORs such as that from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, indicating a widespread mechanism. A possible functional role of this process in terms of synergistic effects during reductive activation of the homotetrameric enzyme is proposed.

(1) Background: ICIP territorialization has been a trend in European countries. Evidence shows that local monitoring is effective in the process of social inclusion; however, territorial differences may cause different results in social and professional trajectories. This systematic and narrative review aims to understand the territorialized elements in income conditional policies to insertion and envisage challenges of national organizations for efficient socio-employment insertion. (2) Methods: Data collection was carried out using Scopus. In addition, a manual search of gray literature by reference authors was used. As a methodology, bibliometric analysis was performed using Vosviewer. (3) Results: The results indicate an increase in the number of publications and citations, especially since 2004. The journals whose articles have the highest citation and co-citation rates belong to the social sciences field. It was possible to detect a strong interconnection between authors, sources, and keywords co-occurrence. The four clusters reveal that the research trends meet the need to restructure the Welfare State, around the new social risks, with the territorialization of the ICIP being a proximity response strategy. Social and professional insertion vary according to territorial cohesion, strong conditionalities with real insertion opportunities and degree of decentralization (4) Conclusions: The degree and effectiveness of ICIP decentralization and socio-employment insertion vary according to the trajectories of European welfare state models and the degree of coverage and generosity of the social protection system. Territorialization tends to reduce the costs of social protection, but these measures remain hostage to different territorial opportunities and real conditions of insertion.