Introduction and Purpose: Microplastics, ubiquitous environmental contaminants, are increasingly recognized for their potential to impact human health. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the pathways through which microplastics interact with biological systems and to elucidate their health implications. State of Knowledge: Microplastics are pervasive in various environments, from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, and they eventually enter the human body via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption. Studies have suggested that microplastics carry toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, which are known endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. Additionally, the physical presence of microplastics has been linked to inflammation and other negative health outcomes. Research in this field is complex and interdisciplinary, involving toxicology, environmental science, and public health disciplines. Summary: The presence of microplastics in the human body is concerning, and there is a clear need for further research to understand the extent of health risks associated with chronic exposure. Public health strategies should include both reducing microplastic pollution and strengthening regulations on plastic waste. Meanwhile, medical professionals should consider the potential for microplastic exposure when diagnosing and treating chronic conditions. Future research should aim to clarify the mechanisms of toxicity and establish safe levels of exposure, with a multidisciplinary approach being essential for comprehensive understanding and effective intervention.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for various diseases, including certain heart and kidney diseases, as well as cancer. Its significance is particularly notable in the context of congenital heart defects (CHD), which are the most prevalent congenital malformations, occurring in 6 to 8 out of every 1000 live births. Symptoms of heart failure (HF) in patients with congenital heart defects can manifest early in life, but in some cases, the disease progresses gradually, leading to a gradual decline in quality of life and the development of various complications. This variability underscores the need for early biomarkers to detect HF development in pediatric patients. Gal-3 plays a key role in myocardial remodeling, making it a promising candidate for advancing the diagnosis and management of HF in CHD patients. It is especially relevant in pediatric care, where early detection and intervention can significantly alter disease progression and patient outcomes. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the utility of Gal-3 in predicting HF among pediatric patients with CHD, highlighting its potential in changing the direction of diagnosis and treatment in this vulnerable patient population. Keywords: galectin-3 congenital heart defects heart failure biomarkers

Introduction and Purpose: Phototherapy, involving the therapeutic use of ultraviolet and visible light, has been a cornerstone in dermatology for treating various skin disorders. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of phototherapy, with a focus on enhancing understanding among clinicians and researchers.State of Knowledge: Phototherapy is particularly effective for chronic conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis, where traditional therapies might not suffice. The mechanism involves modulation of immune response and inhibition of cellular proliferation, achieved through various wavelengths, including UVA and UVB. Recent advancements have introduced narrow-band UVB, which offers targeted therapy with fewer side effects compared to broad-band UVB. Moreover, the review explores innovations such as LED-based therapies and photodynamic therapy, expanding the spectrum of phototherapeutic options.Summary: Phototherapy remains a vital and evolving treatment modality in dermatology, offering safe and effective management for multiple skin disorders. Its success hinges on precise application and adherence to treatment protocols. Future research should aim to optimize treatment regimens, reduce side effects, and enhance patient compliance to improve outcomes. By advancing our understanding and application of phototherapy, we can better tailor treatments to meet individual patient needs, thereby improving the quality of life for those afflicted with chronic skin conditions.

The recently introduced HCM-AF Risk Calculator allows the prognosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical application of the HCM-AF Risk Score in the prediction of the clinical outcomes of Polish patients. The study included 92 patients (50.0% female, median age 55 years), with a baseline sinus rhythm diagnosed between 2013 and 2018. The analysis involved the incidence of clinical characteristics and outcomes, total mortality, rehospitalisation, and the course of heart failure (HF). According to the HCM-AF Risk Score, the HCM population was stratified into three subgroups, with a low (13/14.2%), intermediate (30/32.6%), and high risk of AF (49/53.2%). Subgroups differed significantly: the high-risk subgroup was older, had a higher body mass index (BMI), and more advanced signs of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and left atrium (LA) dilatation. The registered AF incidence was 31.5% and 43.5% in the 2- and 5-year follow-ups, and it was significantly higher than in the HCM-AF Risk Score population, which had 4.6% in the 2-year follow-up, and 10.7% in the 5-year follow-up. In the whole population, the AF incidence in both the 2- and 5-year follow-ups revealed a strong correlation with the HCM-AF Risk Score (r = 0.442, p < 0.001; r = 0.346, p < 0.001, respectively). The clinical outcomes differed among the subgroups: the total mortality was 15.4% vs. 20.0% vs. 42.9% (p < 0.05); rehospitalisation was 23.1% vs. 53.3% vs. 71.4% (p < 0.05). The highest HF progression was in the high-risk subgroup (36.7%). Regardless of the high results of the HCM-Risk Score in Polish patients, the score underestimates the real-life high level of AF incidence. The HCM-AF Risk Score seems to be useful in the prediction of the general clinical outcomes in HCM patients.

Introduction and Purpose: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a critical component in the management of patients recovering from cardiac events and procedures. This review aims to critically analyze the clinical effectiveness of exercise-based interventions within cardiac rehabilitation programs. State of Knowledge: Recent studies have highlighted the role of structured exercise programs in improving cardiovascular health metrics, such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and cardiac function. Exercise-based CR has shown significant benefits in reducing mortality, improving exercise capacity, and enhancing the quality of life in cardiac patients. Challenges persist, however, in the adoption of uniform protocols and the integration of these programs into standard care. The review discusses various types of exercises included in CR, such as aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training, and evaluates their effectiveness based on recent clinical trials and cohort studies. Summary: Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is an effective strategy for enhancing cardiac health and patient recovery post-cardiac event. It is imperative that healthcare providers advocate for and integrate comprehensive exercise programs into the rehabilitation process. Future research should focus on optimizing exercise protocols and expanding access to these vital services to improve outcomes across diverse patient populations. This review underscores the importance of exercise therapy in cardiac rehabilitation and advocates for its broader implementation within healthcare systems.

Introduction and Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac rhythm disorder that significantly impacts global health. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary habits play a crucial role in the modulation and management of AF. This review article aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interplay between nutrition and atrial fibrillation, providing insights for healthcare professionals and patients alike in managing this condition through dietary choices.State of Knowledge: Various studies have examined the effects of specific nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of AF. This review delves into research linking macro- and micronutrients—such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants—to AF risk. It also evaluates the influence of dietary patterns, including Mediterranean and plant-based diets, on the electrical and structural remodeling of the heart that predisposes to AF. Additionally, the impact of excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption on AF is scrutinized, highlighting the importance of moderation.Summary: The evidence indicates a significant association between diet and atrial fibrillation, suggesting that specific dietary modifications could potentially reduce AF risk or mitigate its severity. Recommendations for clinical practice involve promoting heart-healthy dietary patterns, focusing on the balance and quality of nutrients, while considering individual dietary restrictions and preferences. Further research is needed to clarify causal relationships and to develop comprehensive dietary guidelines specific to AF management.