Objectives: This narrative review investigates the key drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) and evaluates the effectiveness of policy responses. It highlights the unique challenges these regions face and provides actionable recommendations for mitigating AMR.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by reports from global health organizations. Studies published between 2010 and 2023 focusing on AMR in LMICs were included. Thematic analysis synthesized data into key drivers, policy challenges, and intervention strategies.Results: The major drivers of AMR in LMICs include unregulated antibiotic sales, overuse and misuse of antibiotics, weak healthcare infrastructure, poor infection control, and environmental contamination. Socio‐economic factors, such as self‐medication and limited healthcare access, exacerbate the problem. Although strategies like antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, regulatory reforms, and public education campaigns have shown potential, their effectiveness is hindered by resource limitations and governance challenges.Conclusions: Combatting AMR in LMICs requires tailored, multi‐sectoral interventions that strengthen healthcare systems, enforce strict regulations, enhance public awareness, and foster international collaboration. Policymakers must prioritize investments in diagnostic infrastructure, AMS, and culturally adapted public health campaigns to reduce resistance and safeguard global health.

Background: Numerous investigations have revealed that oral issues are quite common among young Afghans. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior are the three oral health-related population dimensions that need to be assessed in order to design effective public health awareness programs. Objective: The study’s goal was to find out how much health professions’ students at Kabul University of Medical Sciences knew about oral health, as well as their attitudes and behaviors toward dental health and oral hygiene routines. Materials and Methods: From September 2022 to December 2022, cross-sectional research was conducted at Kabul University of Medical Sciences. A total of 496 health professions’ students (312 females and 184 males) aged 18– 25 years old from 5 colleges of health and medical-related disciplines were addressed. All participants were given a thorough questionnaire with 30 amended items modified from Peterson et al and Stenberg et al. Results: 44.5% (n=220) of the participants brushed their teeth twice per day, 41.3% (n=204) once per day, and 9.31% (n=46) more than twice per day, while just 4.7% (n=23) cleaned their teeth less than once per day. Surprisingly, the majority of participants (91% or n=451) were aware of the significance of routine dental visits, and 51.3% (n=252) of participants reported visiting the dentist while they experienced pain. 94% of students were of the opinion that brushing their teeth prevents dental decay. 93% (n=461) of them agreed that using fluoride strengthens teeth, and 96% (n=476) said that sweets are bad for teeth. Conclusion: Oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours are related to an individual’s level of education. Female and generally dental professions’ participants, rather than other health professions participants, were more likely to be concerned about their oral health than male participants.

Background: The tongue is known as the mirror of oral and general health. Some diseases may show signs in the tongue. Fissured is approximately an asymptomatic condition characterized by grooves and fissures of varying depth on the dorsal surface of the tongue. Epidemiologically, its prevalence is varied based on different factors, but most of them report 10– 20%. Methods: In the department of oral medicine at Ali-Abad University Hospital of Kabul University of Medical Sciences, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 patients. This fissured tongue is first diagnosed based on clinical appearance (fissures) on each side of tongue. Meanwhile, the whole medical and dental histories were taken for the rest of the leading factors. Results: Out of 400 patients (124 males and 276 females) seen and checked, which 142 cases were fissured tongue [45 (31.7%) males and 97 (68.3%) females]. The fissures were found to be least in the > 10 – 19-year age group, 23 (16.3%) and it was most prevalent in the 20 − 39 age group, 73 (51.8%), followed by 40 − 59, 35 (24.8%) and 60< age group, 10 (7.1%). The most prevalent type of pattern of fissures was found to be superficial, multiple and not connected fissures, 46.32% (33.3% males, 32.3% females), followed by superficial, multiple and connected fissures, 25.5% (26.7% males, 25% females), and whereas 6.4% of patients with (single and deep type of fissure) was the lowest prevalent type of fissured tongue. In our study, more than half of patients asymptomatic (51.6% females and 71.1% males), 17.9% complained from tongue dryness, 14.3% soreness, 6.4% halitosis, 1.4% tongue swelling and 2.1% had all the signs. Conclusion: The prevalence of fissured tongue was 35.5%. A significant difference between genders was reported with female predominance in all cases observed. The most prevalent age groups were 20– 29 and 30– 39 in both gender groups. Superficial, multiple, and not connected fissures 46.32% were the most common type of fissure.

Background: Facial bone fractures represent a significant clinical challenge due to their prevalence and the complexity of treatment required. Understanding the demographic patterns, causes, and treatment outcomes of these injuries is crucial for improving patient care and developing targeted prevention strategies. Objective: This study aims to analyze the demographic characteristics, etiological factors, anatomical distribution, and treatment modalities of patients presenting with facial bone fractures at Stomatology National and Specialized Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, during 2022. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 463 patients with facial bone fractures treated at the hospital. Data collected included patient demographics, causes of trauma, fracture location, and treatment methods. Statistical analysis was performed to identify patterns and correlations. Results: The study included 463 patients (378 males and 85 females), aged between 3 and 88 years, with a mean age of 26.34 years. The primary causes of trauma were road traffic accidents (RTAs) (29.6%), interpersonal violence (26.1%), and falls (23.3%). The mandible was the most commonly fractured bone (74.1%), with the parasymphysis being the predominant site of injury. Treatment predominantly involved closed reduction (54.9%), with a significant portion of patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (45.1%). Conclusion: The findings highlight RTAs, interpersonal violence, and falls as the leading causes of facial bone fractures. The mandible is the most frequently affected bone. Closed reduction remains the most common treatment modality. These insights underline the need for enhanced preventive measures, including stricter enforcement of traffic regulations and targeted interventions to address interpersonal violence and fall prevention.

Background: The rapid growth of international human migration has positioned the UK in the top five countries in the world with 9.4 million immigrants in 2022. These immigrants originate from low- and middle-income countries and remain particularly at risk of developing TB. In the UK, the number of TB cases has been increasing, and the influx of immigrants could be a contributing factor. Objective: This review aims to map the burden of pulmonary TB among immigrants in the UK and investigate associated factors. It also reviews the TB management approaches among immigrants in the UK. Design: The study utilized PRISMA guidelines to search electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) for articles published from 2000 to 2022 on TB prevalence and factors in immigrants and explored government websites for TB management strategies. Results: Nineteen out of 530 initially identified articles were included. The included studies reported a prevalence rate of TB among immigrants ranging from 0.04 to 52.1%, showing a decrease in the burden over time. Additionally, a higher number of TB cases were observed among immigrants from the Asian region, particularly immigrants from South Asia, followed by those from sub-Saharan Africa. Stigma, misconception about the disease, language barrier, lack of confidentiality, and unfriendly healthcare system for immigrants were the main drivers of the TB burden among immigrants. The TB management approaches in the UK include pre-entry screening for active TB, LTBI testing for a specific population group, and antibacterial therapy for 3– 6 months for TB patients. Conclusion: The UK’s control and prevention efforts in reducing tuberculosis prevalence among immigrants show optimism, but challenges persist. Key improvements include healthcare delivery, TB improvement programs, and policies addressing stigma and patient confidentiality.