A dysregulated host response to infection causes organ dysfunction in sepsis and septic shock, two potentially fatal diseases. They continue to be major worldwide health burdens with high rates of morbidity and mortality despite advancements in medical care. The goal of this thorough review was to present a thorough summary of the current body of knowledge about the prevalence of sepsis and septic shock worldwide. Using widely used computerized databases, a comprehensive search of the literature was carried out, and relevant studies were chosen in accordance with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A narrative technique was used to synthesize the data that were retrieved. The review’s conclusions show how widely different locations and nations differ in terms of sepsis and septic shock’s incidence, prevalence, and fatality rates. Compared to high-income countries (HICs), low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately burdened more heavily. We talk about risk factors, comorbidities, and difficulties in clinical management and diagnosis in a range of healthcare settings. The review highlights the need for more research, enhanced awareness, and context-specific interventions in order to successfully address the global burden of sepsis and septic shock.

Background/Objectives: This narrative review provided a broad synthesis of recent epidemiological trends, priority resistance mechanisms, and public health implications of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We focused on the most clinically significant MDR pathogens, regional differences in resistance, and the effectiveness of containment strategies. Our goal was to synthesize current knowledge and propose research directions. Methods: Through comprehensive analysis of epidemiological studies, surveillance reports, clinical trials, and meta-analyses, we present a detailed assessment of the evolving landscape of antimicrobial resistance across both developed and developing nations. The review encompasses data from 187 countries, analyzing over 2500 published studies and reports from major health organizations. Results: Our findings reveal a concerning 43% increase in multidrug-resistant infections globally, with particularly sharp rises in healthcare-associated infections (67% increase) and community-acquired infections (38% increase) in regions with high antibiotic misuse. The analysis specifically focuses on critical pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), documenting their prevalence, transmission patterns, and treatment outcomes. Economic impact assessments indicate annual global healthcare costs exceeding USD 100 billion due to resistant infections. The review identifies significant gaps in current surveillance systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and proposes standardized approaches for monitoring and containment strategies. We evaluate the effectiveness of various antimicrobial stewardship programs, documenting success rates and implementation challenges across different healthcare settings. Conclusions: The analysis concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policy reforms, research priorities, and international collaboration frameworks necessary to address this growing global health crisis. Our findings highlighted the importance of strengthening stewardship efforts, proposing novel diagnostics and therapeutic interventions, and addressing inequities in access to care and data across different countries.

Acinetobacter baumannii represents a significant concern in nosocomial settings, particularly in critically ill patients who are forced to remain in hospital for extended periods. The challenge of managing and preventing this organism is further compounded by its increasing ability to develop resistance due to its extraordinary genomic plasticity, particularly in response to adverse environmental conditions. Its recognition as a significant public health risk has provided a significant impetus for the identification of new therapeutic approaches and infection control strategies. Indeed, currently used antimicrobial agents are gradually losing their efficacy, neutralized by newer and newer mechanisms of bacterial resistance, especially to carbapenem antibiotics. A deep understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is urgently needed to shed light on the properties that allow A. baumannii enormous resilience against standard therapies. Among the most promising alternatives under investigation are the combination sulbactam/durlobactam, cefepime/zidebactam, imipenem/funobactam, xeruborbactam, and the newest molecules such as novel polymyxins or zosurabalpin. Furthermore, the potential of phage therapy, as well as deep learning and artificial intelligence, offer a complementary approach that could be particularly useful in cases where traditional strategies fail. The fight against A. baumannii is not confined to the microcosm of microbiological research or hospital wards; instead, it is a broader public health dilemma that demands a coordinated, global response.

This narrative review synthesizes our current understanding of sepsis and septic shock burden in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. Based on a comprehensive but non-systematic literature search from 2000 to 2025, this review synthesizes our current understanding across eight key domains: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, management strategies, long-term outcomes, disparities, and future directions. The global burden of sepsis, especially in the developed and developing world, is great: over 48 million cases per year, with mortality rates at the ICU level in the range of 30 to 50%, depending on geography and resources. The pathophysiological progression from an initial hyper-inflammatory state to immune paralysis underlies organ failure and complicates therapeutic targeting. Diagnostic approaches, including clinical scoring systems, biomarkers (e.g., procalcitonin, MR-proADM), and emerging AI tools, offer improved early detection but face challenges in reliability and accessibility. Management in the ICU remains anchored in timely antimicrobial administration, hemodynamic stabilization with balanced fluids and vasopressors, source control, and organ support, including lung-protective ventilation and kidney replacement therapy. Novel adjuncts, such as immunomodulators and extracorporeal therapies, show promise but demand further validation. Importantly, survivors face significant long-term sequelae—post-intensive care syndrome (PICS)—encompassing physical, cognitive, and psychological impairments, which require structured rehabilitation and follow-up. The future of sepsis care lies in integrating precision medicine—through molecular diagnostics, individualized immunotherapy, and AI-supported monitoring—with scalable, equitable implementation strategies that bridge the gap between high- and low-income settings. Addressing disparities and expanding rehabilitation services are essential to improving survival and long-term quality of life in sepsis survivors.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a prevalent malignancy and a significant global public health concern, primarily driven by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The infectious nature of HPV underscores the preventability of CC through vaccination and screening programs. In addition to HPV, factors such as age, parity, smoking, hormonal contraceptives, and HIV co-infection elevate the risk of CC. HIV-associated immunodeficiency exacerbates susceptibility to infections and cancers, making CC a defining condition for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women living with HIV (WLWH). These women face higher risks of HPV exposure due to sexual behavior and often encounter economic, social, and psychological barriers to screening. HIV and HPV co-infection can potentially accelerate CC carcinogenesis, with WLWH typically being diagnosed with CC earlier than their HIV-negative counterparts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which reduces AIDS-related mortality, also lowers the risk of invasive CC. The interaction between HIV and HPV is intricate and bidirectional. This summary reviews current evidence on HPV infection and CC in WLWH, highlighting the connections across pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis (EFIE) continues to represent a potentially fatal infectious disease characterized by elevated morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy, changing demographics and the reduced availability of useful antibiotics combined with the dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains, the mortality rate remained unchanged in the last decades. Nowadays, optimizing the antibiotic regimen is still of paramount importance. Historically, aminoglycosides were considered as a cornerstone for treatment even though their use is associated with a high risk of kidney failure. It is against this background that, in recent years, several studies have been carried in order to assess the validity of alternative therapeutic approaches, including combinations of beta-lactams, that, acting synergistically, have yielded useful results in different clinical settings. In this scenario, we searched and critically report clinical studies assessing the efficacy and safety of double beta-lactam therapy in treating EFIE.