Background: Cancer is a condition that involves the irregular progression of cells with the capacity to enter and move to other portions of the body. Peto’s paradox shows there is no relation between large body size and cancer risk. Objectives: To assess the phylogenetic analysis of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of breast cancer. Methods: Data was collected from the ensemble genome browser and NCBI. A BLAST search was done, and FASTA sequences were collected. MEGA X version 5 software was used for phylogenetic analysis. Alignment was made by Clustal W, and two trees were constructed as a neighbor-joining tree and maximum likelihood trees as vertical and circular. The accuracy was confirmed by the bootstrap method (at 500 pseudoreplicates). Results: The results show that there were 9 copies of the tp53 gene in elephants are present due to which elephants have less chance of getting cancer. This proves that Peto’s paradox is true. The evolutionary study of genes set, present on the FGFR-bearing chromosomes, i.e., Hsa1 to Hsa4, Hsa6 to Has 9, Hsa11 to Hsa14, Hsa17, Hsa18, Hsa21, Hsa22, and HsaX. The phylogenetic trees of 10 gene families, including 4 genes from tumor suppressor genes and 6 genes from oncogenes, were generated with vertebrate sequences. Conclusion: Higher animals have less chance to develop cancer because of huge body mass and longevity and increased number of genes in their body. Different oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are associated with different species. All genes have two or more paralogues except BRCA, CHECK, MEN, NUP, and SUFU genes.

Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus is a group of skeletal disorders characterized by abnormal development and abnormalities in bones, cartilage, joints of legs, ankle and foot. Chondro-osseous growth, morphology, and posture in three dimensions are all impacted by this disorder. One to three cases per one thousand babies are diagnosed with clubfoot, making it most frequent paediatric orthopaedic disease. This study was conducted to assess the frequency, types and patterns of inheritance in villages, schools and hospitals of the Punjab, Pakistan, The study involved surveying 200 families with various genetic disorders in different districts of Punjab. Three families included cousin marriages were selected for further investigation due to their higher prevalence of clubfoot. Among the 139 examined family members, 14 individuals were diagnosed with clubfoot, while the remaining 125 did not show any signs of disorder. The analysis of three families, namely OKR 1, OKR 2, and HRN 3 revealed that the percentage of family members affected by clubfoot was 13%, 9.5%, and 8.63%, respectively. Conversely, the percentage of family members unaffected by clubfoot in these families was 87%, 90.5% and 91.37%, respectively. Further examination of affected individuals showed that out of 14 cases, 13 were males and only one was female. This indicates that males have a higher likelihood of developing clubfoot than females, with male percentage of 92.85% and a female percentage of 7.14%. The observed inheritance pattern of clubfoot disorder among these families was autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.

Sindh sparrows, prevalent in Sindh region of Pakistan, are non-migratory birds abundant in human-inhabited areas globally, except Antarctica. Given their close association with human settlements, these birds serve as crucial indicators for biological monitoring in regions affected by pollution. This study focused on assessing the hematological parameters and heavy metal concentrations in various organs of Sindh sparrows in the Punjab regions of Pakistan. The collected blood samples underwent analysis for hematological indices and heavy metal concentrations. The results indicated variability in hematological analysis of sparrows. Fluctuations were observed in the concentrations of different heavy metals, with significant differences in zinc and iron, while chromium, cadmium, and nickel concentrations showed non-significant differences. The patterns of heavy metal accumulation revealed higher concentrations of chromium, nickel, and iron in the liver, contrasting with the cadmium and zinc in kidneys. In conclusion, significant correlations were observed among the concentrations of Zinc, Chromium, Cadmium, Nickel, and Iron in kidney, liver, and muscles of both male and female Sindh sparrows. The findings underscore the need for further comprehensive studies to assess heavy metal accumulation in birds, highlighting the urgency to address environmental pollution that poses risks to avian species and human populations worldwide.

Copper and chromium-based nanoparticles are employed in the treatment of various diseases due to their antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Recent research conducted at the University of Okara aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential of copper and chromium-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. To determine their antibacterial potential, disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods were utilized. Characterization of the nanoparticles was performed using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to confirm their properties. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, and Bacillus subtilis All antibiotics demonstrated antibacterial activity except Trimethoprim and Amoxicillin, while copper-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles showed no antibacterial potential. Chromium-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial potential at various concentrations. The antifungal potential of copper nanoparticles was tested against Fusarium equiseti and Rhizopus stolonife. No inhibition was observed against the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer. The antioxidant activity test confirmed that copper and chromium oxide nanoparticles, along with ascorbic acid, possess antioxidant properties. Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibited a maximum antioxidant activity of 67% at a concentration of 0.1 mg/2 ml, while ascorbic acid showed 90%. Chromium oxide nanoparticles demonstrated maximal antioxidant activity of 99%, with ascorbic acid at 83%. Copper nanoparticles had less antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid, whereas chromium nanoparticles had higher activity. In conclusion, both copper and chromium-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities against different pathogens.

Nanoparticles have significant attention for potential applications in diverse fields like materials chemistry, medicine, environmental studies, agriculture, catalysis, information technology, biomedical sciences, optics, electronics, energy, and sensors. Recently, an alternative technique for biological evaluation of copper doped manganese oxide (Mn0.88Cu0.16O2) nanoparticles has been developed using plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. This study was aimed to assess the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Cu doped manganese oxide nanoparticles. The work was conducted in University of Okara laboratory. Disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to test the nanoparticles for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis strains. The antifungal and antioxidant activity was also assessed. When combined with 0.1 mg/ml ciprofloxacin, Cu-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles exhibited typical inhibitory effects against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, with zone of inhibition values of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mg/ml. However, they showed no antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, unlike levofloxacin, which had varying inhibitory effects. The nanoparticles lack significant antibacterial properties. Antifungal testing revealed a slight inhibitory effect on Fusarium equesiti only for three days, with no impact on Rhizopus Stolonifer. Notably, the nanoparticles displayed superior antioxidant activity, achieving 99% at 0.08 µg/ml, surpassing ascorbic acid's 86%. Thus, nanoparticles may serve as potent antioxidants. To conclude, the synthesized Cu doped manganese oxide NPs can be used as a novel antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant agent in agriculture.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease marked by increased blood glucose level, leads to long-term hyperglycemia. Socioeconomic situation has crucial role in glycemic management.ematological changes can be caused by several factors. Blood tests for biochemical analysis are simplest way to monitor kidney function. The work aimed to assess the socioeconomic status and hematological variations with the biochemical changes among patients. The questionnaire Performa was designed to collect data during interview. The blood samples was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. The significant demographic and clinical features among diabetic patients, with middle-aged, between 41 to 60 years, and more females with non-significant differences. More people reside in rural areas, but gender distribution between rural and urban was similar. Income status shows most patients were from lower middle class, with a notable gender disparity in upper middle class. Male smokers were significantly more prevalent,indicating higher health risk in this group. Blood tests reveal lower hemoglobin levels, elevated white blood cell counts, and possible anemia in case group, with signs of macrocytic anemia and blood disorders. Biochemically, the case group shows higher urea, random blood glucose, and sodium levels, indicating potential kidney dysfunction, poorly controlled diabetes, and hypernatremia. To conclude, the most diabetic patients were middle-aged, with no significant gender or residency differences. Blood tests indicate anemia, inflammation, kidney issues, and poorly controlled diabetes in the case group. This suggested the need for targeted interventions,for at-risk groups like middle-aged, rural, and lower-income individuals, with focus on male smoking habits.