Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the leading public health issues in the world with a reported prevalence of nearly 25% in the past decades in Iran. The present research aimed to identify the association between the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and MetS components among female teachers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 97 female teachers aged 31–57 years were enrolled from 2018 to 2019 in Qom, Iran. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). HEI-2015 was calculated according to the consumption of whole fruits, vegetables, protein foods, beans, seafood, plant proteins, total and refined grain, dairy, fatty acid ratio, saturated fats, added sugars, and sodium. We also measured anthropometric and biochemical parameters. To evaluate the association between HEI-2015 and MetS, multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: MetS was found in 59.8% of participants. Total HEI-2015 scores were significantly lower in participants with MetS compared to those without MetS (59.69 ± 8.98 vs. 64.21 ± 8.71, respectively; p = 0.02). Daily energy intake, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar levels were higher in women with MetS (all p < 0.05). Higher HEI-2015 total scores (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89–0.99; p = 0.02) and scores of total vegetables (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42–0.91; p = 0.02), dark green vegetables and beans (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.98; p = 0.04), fatty acid ratio (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.68–0.99; p = 0.04), refined grain (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75–0.99; p = 0.04), and added sugars (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26–0.75; p = 0.002) were all associated with lower odds of having MetS. Conclusions: Higher HEI-2015 scores, particularly in total vegetables, dark green vegetables, beans, and fatty acid ratio, as well as refined grain and added sugars were found to be associated with reduced odds of having MetS among Iranian female teachers. However, further prospective studies are required to confirm this finding.

Purpose This study conducted in Dena County is a population-based cohort study as part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). The specific objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of region-specific modifiable risk factors and their associations with the incidence of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Participants This PERSIAN Dena Cohort Study (PDCS) was conducted on 1561 men and 2069 women aged 35–70 years from October 2016 in Dena County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran. The overall participation rate was 82.7%. Findings to date Out of 3630 participants, the mean age was 50.16 years, 2069 (56.9%) were women and 2092 (57.6%) were rural residents. Females exhibited higher prevalence rates of diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver, psychiatric disorders, thyroiditis, kidney stones, gallstones, rheumatic disease, chronic lung disease, depression and osteoporosis compared with males (p<0.05). Furthermore, the urban population showed elevated rates of diabetes, thyroiditis, kidney stones and epilepsy, whereas psychiatric disorders and lupus were more prevalent in rural areas (p126 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein >100 mg/dL and haematuria, respectively; most of them were female and urban people (p<0.05). Future plans PDCS will be planned to re-evaluate NCD-related incidence, all-cause and cause-specific mortality every 5 years, along with annual follow-up for 15 years. Some examples of additional planned studies are evaluation of genetic, environmental risk, spirometry and ECG tests.

The question of whether zinc supplementation may improve cardio-metabolic health in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial and require further evaluation. This study aimed to summarize the effectiveness of oral zinc supplementation in improving cardio-metabolic risk markers in people with T2DM. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to April 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs of type 2 diabetic adults (aged ≥18 years) comparing zinc supplementation with placebo were included. We excluded studies if not randomized, involved co-supplementation, and were conducted in children or pregnant women. Glycemic indices, lipid profiles, blood pressure, anthropometric measure, c-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and serum zinc were extracted. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methods. We used a random-effect model to perform the dose-response analysis. Effect sizes were presented as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). 22 studies (n = 1442 participants) were included. The certainty of the evidence was rated as moderate to high. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced glycemic indices: including two-hour postprandial glucose (2hpp) (mean difference (MD): -34.34 mg/dl; 95%CI: -51.61∼ -17.07), fast blood sugar (FBS) (MD: -23.32 mg/dl; 95% CI: -33.81∼ -12.83), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (MD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.71∼ -0.23). Zinc had a favorable effect on lipid profiles low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD: -10.76 mg/dl; CI: -17.79∼-3.73), triglyceride (TG) (MD: -18.23 mg/dl; CI: -32.81∼-3.65), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: -12.74 mg/dl; CI: -21.68∼-3.80), VLDL (MD: -5.39 mg/dl; CI: -7.35∼-3.43) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD: 4.04 mg/dl; CI: 0.96 ∼ 7.12). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD): -3.64 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.77∼ -0.52), weight (MD: 1.00 kg; 95% CI: 0.34∼1.66), CRP (MD: -3.37 mg/l, 95% CI: -4.05∼ -2.70), and serum zinc (MD: 15.38 µg/dl; 95% CI: 10.74∼ 20.02) changed to a statistically significant extent with zinc supplementation. There was also a linear association between additional 10 mg/d zinc treatment with FBS, HbA1c, HDL, LDL, TG, TC, and serum zinc. A non-linear dose-response gradient was seen for FBS, HDL, and SBP (p < 0.05). Egger's test showed no substantial publication bias. Our findings strongly suggest a potential beneficial effect of zinc supplementation on type 2 diabetic patients. Further high-quality research is needed to determine the optimal form, dosage, and duration of zinc supplementation for this population.

The relationship between lifestyle choices and health outcomes has received significant scholarly attention. Research indicates that factors such as obesity, insufficient physical activity, tobacco use, and poor dietary habits may elevate the odds of developing metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association between the combined healthy lifestyle score (HLS) and the odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated components in a population of apparently healthy adults. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Dena PERSIAN cohort, which comprised 2,971 healthy adults. Participants’ combined HLS were evaluated using validated questionnaires that assessed body mass index (BMI), physical activity level (PAL), smoking status, and dietary quality. The evaluation of dietary nutritional quality was conducted using the most recent version of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), known as HEI-2020. The combined HLS was measured on a scale ranging from zero, indicating an unhealthy lifestyle, to four, representing the healthiest lifestyle. Individuals with the highest combined HLS score had 81% lower odds of having MetS compared to those with the lowest score (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.11–0.33). Higher combined HLS scores were significantly associated with decreased odds of abdominal adiposity (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.07–0.18), abnormal glucose homeostasis (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35–0.86), elevated serum triglycerides (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26–0.67), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.24–0.65) after adjusting for sex, age, education level, and marital status (P < 0.05). The findings indicated a significant association between adherence to a combined HLS and a decreased odds of developing MetS and its associated components among Iranian adults.

Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder that can lead to various chronic diseases. Anti-inflammatory diets may help prevent dyslipidemia; however, the evidence remains inconsistent. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and dyslipidemia, as well as the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). A cross-sectional study was done among 3,178 Iranian adults aged 35–70 years who had resided in Dena County, Iran, for a minimum of nine months each year. Demographic data were collected from all participants, and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured for each subject using standardized methods. Dietary intake was assessed using 113-item and 127-item Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) to calculate the DII. A significant trend was observed indicating increasing serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.002), along with decreasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.024), as the DII quartiles elevated. Similarly, a significant association was found between higher DII scores and increased ratios of LDL/HDL (P < 0.001), TC/HDL (P < 0.001), and triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C (P = 0.03) in the serum. Furthermore, higher DII scores were linked to increased odds of hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.3, P = 0.032), high LDL-C (OR = 1.31, P = 0.036), low-HDL-C (OR = 1.31, P = 0.006), high-TC/HDL-C (OR = 1.15, P = 0.016) ratio, and high-AIP (OR = 1.35, P = 0.001) values after adjusting for confounders. Nonetheless, no significant association was found between the DII score and the serum levels of TG, nor with the odds of having hypertriglyceridemia or a high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Our findings revealed that higher DII scores are associated with higher AIP values and lipid biomarker levels, except for triglycerides. However, prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials testing anti-inflammatory diets (e.g., Mediterranean adaptations for Iran) are needed to establish causality.

Introduction Peri-trochanteric fractures, common among the elderly with osteoporosis, pose significant morbidity and mortality risks. These fractures are increasing due to the ageing population, with Nordic countries seeing a high incidence. They present challenges for orthopaedic surgeons and can lead to functional decline and high medical costs. Hip fractures have severe consequences, including pain, immobility and increased mortality. Managing wound care is complex, involving various healing phases. Trehalose, a disaccharide with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promise in wound healing and other health conditions. Studies suggest its potential benefits in reducing inflammation and aiding wound healing in peri-trochanteric fracture patients, but more research is needed to confirm its clinical effectiveness in humans. Methods and analysis The study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial aiming to evaluate the effect of trehalose consumption on patients with peri-trochanteric fractures. The study will include 64 patients meeting specific inclusion criteria and will assess inflammatory markers and wound healing at different time points. Patients will be divided into two groups, one receiving trehalose and the other receiving a placebo for 12 weeks. Various measurements and assessments will be conducted, including biochemical assays, wound assessments, anthropometric measurements and dietary intake evaluations. Data analysis will be performed using SPSS software, and statistical tests will be used to compare outcomes between the intervention and control groups. Ethics and dissemination The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1403.191). Trial registration number Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. IRCT20180404039188N5. URL of trial registry record: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/77572. Registration date: 7 July 2024.