Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been commonly utilized in event detection and environmental observation applications. The main aim of event detection is to define the presence or absence of an event. Various existing studies in the field of event detection depend on static or threshold values to reveal the occurrence of an event, which can result in imprecise sensor readings. Recently, many studies have utilized fuzzy logic to treat fluctuating sensor readings; as a result, they have decreased the number of false alarms created. However, there is some attention required when utilizing fuzzy logic. One aspect is that the efficiency and accuracy of the fuzzy membership function can be impacted by the utilization of heterogeneous sensors, which may increase the complexity of the fuzzy logic operation as the number of inputs rises. To address these issues, this paper proposes an approach named Probabilistic Collaborative Event Detection (PCED), which is a hybrid event detection technique that is based on a cluster WSN topology. The PCED approach utilizes a validated probabilistic technique for heterogeneous sensor nodes to transform sensing values into probability formulas and introduces a Cluster Head Decision Mechanism to make decisions based on the aggregated data from the sensors. The proposed approach employs fuzzy logic at the fusion center level to enhance the precision of event detection. The effectiveness of this method is thoroughly evaluated using MATLAB software, demonstrating an improvement in the probability of detection and a decrease in the probability of false alarms. PCED is compared to well-established event detection mechanisms such as the REFD mechanism. The results show that PCED reduces the occurrence of false alarms from 37 to 3 in certain scenarios, while improving detection accuracy by up to 19.4% over REDF and decreasing detection latency by up to 17.5%.

Source routing protocols developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are challenged by the mobility attribute of moving nodes. The consequences of link failures trigger a lot of route discoveries that generates numerous number of route request (RREQ) packets. This can cause high overhead due the big amount of control packets propagated throughout the network where the resources, such as battery and bandwidth, are consumed inefficiently. As a result, the network lifetime and performance are degraded seriously. The route discovery procedure in most of these protocols does not consider the limitation of network resources. Common source routing protocols, such as DSR and RDSR, blindly flood the network with RREQs whenever a route to a destination is needed. Blind flooding causes redundancy, contention and collision in the network which increases the overhead in MANETs. This paper presents a feasible progressives route discovery strategy for source routing to reduce the overhead by reducing the amount of flooding of RREQs in the network. The performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated and compared to DSR and RDSR in terms of the amount of RREQ and control packets generated. The results showed that the proposed strategy improves the performance and extend the lifetime of the network as it presents lower number of RREQs and overhead compared to DSR and RDSR.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) provide a flexible solution for establishing networks in environments where conventional infrastructure is unavailable, such as disaster areas or military operations. However, routing in MANETs is a critical challenge due to node mobility and limited resources. Numerous protocols have been developed, though their performance varies in various conditions. This study paper introduces a multi-disjoint route technique built on the source routing principle, designed to improve MANET performance for the sake of meeting Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The performance evaluations of the proposed on-demand multipath source routing protocol using NS-2 in comparison with other DSRbased protocols, namely Modified-DSR, Extended-DSR, and Updated-DSR, the results have suggested that the proposed on-demand multipath source routing protocol has obvious advantages in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Normalized Routing Load (NRL) over the common existing routing protocols developed for MANET.