This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Dr. Muhammad Hasan is doing a postdoctoral at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (IGGCAS). He completed his doctorate from IGGCAS in 2019, MPhil, and MSc from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2009–2014. His research interests focus on earth sciences, mainly geophysics, hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental sciences, and related fields. He has many international awards to his name, such as the 2020 IGG’s International Fellowship Initiative (IIFI) award, 2019 IGGCAS Most Publications award, 2019 Excellent International Graduate of UCAS award, 2018 Excellent International Student of UCAS award, 2015 CAS-TWAS award. He also serves as editor and reviewer for many international journals. He has published several SCI papers in well-known journals. He is the first author in his 14 SCI/ISI papers. Moreover, he has conducted many research/industrial projects.
The dynamic nature and unsustainable exploitation of groundwater aquifers pose a range of management challenges. The accurate basin-wide hydrological assessment is very critical for the quantification of abstraction rates, spatial patterns of groundwater usage, recharge and discharge processes, and identification of critical areas having groundwater mining. This study provides the appraisal of remote sensing technology in comparison with traditionally prevailing tools and methodologies and introduces the practical use of remote sensing technology to bridge the data gaps. It demonstrates the example of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite inferred Total Water Storage (TWS) information to quantify the behavior of the Upper Indus Plain Aquifer. The spatio-temporal changes in aquifer usage are investigated particularly for irrigation and anthropogenic purposes in general. The GRACE satellite is effective in capturing the water balance components. The basin-wide monthly scale groundwater storage monitoring is a big opportunity for groundwater managers and policymakers. The remote sensing integrated algorithms are useful tools to provide timely and valuable information on aquifer behavior. Such tools are potentially helpful to support the implementation of groundwater management strategies, especially in the developing world where data scarcity is a major challenge. Groundwater resources have not grown to meet the growing demands of the population, consequently, overexploitation of groundwater resources has occurred in these decades, leading to groundwater decline. However, future developments in the field of space technology are envisioned to overcome the currently faced spatio-temporal challenges.
Gulraiz Akhter; Yonggang Ge; Naveed Iqbal; Yanjun Shang; Muhammad Hasan. Appraisal of Remote Sensing Technology for Groundwater Re-source Management Perspective in Indus Basin. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9686 .
AMA StyleGulraiz Akhter, Yonggang Ge, Naveed Iqbal, Yanjun Shang, Muhammad Hasan. Appraisal of Remote Sensing Technology for Groundwater Re-source Management Perspective in Indus Basin. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9686.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGulraiz Akhter; Yonggang Ge; Naveed Iqbal; Yanjun Shang; Muhammad Hasan. 2021. "Appraisal of Remote Sensing Technology for Groundwater Re-source Management Perspective in Indus Basin." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9686.
Seawater intrusion is a major challenge in many coastal areas all around the world, mainly caused by over-exploitation of freshwater resources, climate change, and sea-level rise. Consequently, seawater intrusion reaches several kilometers inland, thus making the freshwater resources polluted and unsuitable for human use. Conventionally, the fresh-saline water interface is delineated by the number of laboratory tests obtained from boreholes. However, such tests suffer from efficiency in terms of data coverage, time, and cost. Hence, this work introduces Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters, namely transverse resistance (Tr), longitudinal conductance (Sc), and longitudinal resistivity (ρL) computed from non-invasive vertical electrical sounding (VES). Two-dimensional (2D) imaging of D-Z parameters provides a clear distinction of fresh-saline aquifers. Such techniques remove ambiguities in the resistivity interpretation caused by overlapping of fresh and saline aquifers during the process of suppression and equivalence. This study was carried out by 45 VES along five profiles in the coastal area of Bela Plain, Pakistan. D-Z parameters delineate fresh, brackish, and saline aquifers with a wide range of values such as freshwater with Tr > 2000 Ωm2, Sc < 3 mho, and ρL > 20 Ωm; saline water with Tr < 1000 Ωm2, Sc > 25 mho, and ρL < 5 Ωm; and brackish water with Tr between 1000–2000 Ωm2, Sc from 3 to 25 mho, and ρL between 5–20 Ωm. The D-Z results were validated by the physicochemical analysis using 13 water samples and local hydrogeological setting. The obtained results propose that D-Z parameters can be used as a powerful tool to demarcate the fresh-saline aquifer interface with more confidence than other traditional techniques. This geophysical approach can reduce the expensive number of borehole tests, and hence contributes to the future planning and development of freshwater resources in the coastal areas.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Peng Shao; Xuetao Yi; Gulraiz Akhter. Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan. Water 2020, 12, 3408 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Peng Shao, Xuetao Yi, Gulraiz Akhter. Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Peng Shao; Xuetao Yi; Gulraiz Akhter. 2020. "Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan." Water 12, no. 12: 3408.
Delineation of fresh/saline groundwater is essential for sustainable water quality management, especially in the coastal areas all around the globe. Seawater intrusion causes substantial degradation in quality of freshwater resources in the coastal areas. The main reason for saltwater intrusion is the changing environment in terms of sea-level rise, climate change, and over-extraction of freshwater resources to meet the growing demands. In this study, an integrated approach of geophysical and geochemical methods was used to assess saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas of Bela Plain, Pakistan. The inverted electrical resistivity computed from 50 vertical electrical sounding (VES) constrained the subsurface into five layers and two aquifers through 3D imaging, such as silty clay and sandy clay containing saline water, and sand, sandy gravel, and gravel containing freshwater. However, the narrow range of resistivity values shows an overlap of saline/fresh groundwater. Such ambiguity in the resistivity interpretation was removed by Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters. D-Z parameters, namely transverse unit resistance (Tr), longitudinal unit conductance (Sc), and longitudinal resistivity (ρL) estimated from VES, marked a clear distinction between saline and fresh aquifers with a wide range of values. The geochemical method was performed using 20 water samples for the main cations (K+, Ca2+ Na+, and Mg2+), anions (SO42−, HCO3−, Cl−, and NO3−), and other parameters (TDS, EC, and pH). Fresh/saline aquifers revealed by D-Z parameters are in good agreement with those delineated by physicochemical parameters and local hydrogeological conditions. This study delineates seawater intrusion of about 13–42 km from Sonmiani Bay in the Arabian Sea towards the inlands of Bela Plain. Therefore, it is expected that this investigation will be helpful in future planning for the management and exploitation of freshwater resources in the study area. Our study suggests that D-Z parameters can be used as the most inexpensive alternative to the traditional geotechnical and environmental tests for the demarcation of fresh/saline groundwater with a large coverage in any coastal or contaminated area under a homogeneous or heterogeneous setting.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Mohamed Metwaly; Weijun Jin; Majid Khan; Qiang Gao. Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Areas of Pakistan for Sustainable Water Quality Management using Joint Geophysical and Geochemical Approach: A Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9730 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Mohamed Metwaly, Weijun Jin, Majid Khan, Qiang Gao. Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Areas of Pakistan for Sustainable Water Quality Management using Joint Geophysical and Geochemical Approach: A Case Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9730.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Mohamed Metwaly; Weijun Jin; Majid Khan; Qiang Gao. 2020. "Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Areas of Pakistan for Sustainable Water Quality Management using Joint Geophysical and Geochemical Approach: A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9730.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. Geophysical investigation of a weathered terrain for groundwater exploitation: a case study from Huidong County, China. Exploration Geophysics 2020, 52, 273 -293.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Gulraiz Akhter. Geophysical investigation of a weathered terrain for groundwater exploitation: a case study from Huidong County, China. Exploration Geophysics. 2020; 52 (3):273-293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. 2020. "Geophysical investigation of a weathered terrain for groundwater exploitation: a case study from Huidong County, China." Exploration Geophysics 52, no. 3: 273-293.
Estimation of hydraulic parameters is important for the prediction of the future availability of groundwater reserves. Conventionally, pumping tests are conducted on boreholes to measure these parameters. However, such tests are costly and time consuming, and can only provide limited spatial information. An integrated approach of geophysical method and pumping tests is cost-effective and efficient alternative for the estimation of aquifer parameters. A geophysical method of vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in Huizhou ADS site of China for the delineation of aquifer potential zones to assess the groundwater resources contained within the weathered rock. Initially, the pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity (Kw) and transmissivity (Tw) for available production wells. Afterwards, one empirical relation between pumped hydraulic conductivity (Kw) and aquifer resistivity (ρa), and another between pumped transmissivity (Tw) and transverse resistance (Tr) were obtained to estimate hydraulic conductivity (K) and transmissivity (T) for all VES stations where pumping tests were not conducted. In this way, the entire study area was investigated to delineate the aquifer potential zones i.e., high potential aquifer zone with ρa < 100 Ωm, T > 150 m2/day and K > 4 m/day, medium potential aquifer zone with ρa ranging from 100 to 150 Ωm, T from 100 to 150 m2/day and K from 3 to 4 m/day, poor potential aquifer zone with ρa from 150 to 300 Ωm, T from 50 to 100 m2/day and K from 2 to 3 m/day, and negligible potential aquifer zone with ρa > 300 Ωm, T < 50 m2/day and K < 2 m/day. This investigation also deciphers functional analogous relation of Ωa with K and Tr with T in Huizhou, China. Therefore, similar integrated approach can be used in any geological similar area where the aquifer properties are required for the management of groundwater reserves.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a hard rock aquifer using integrated surface geoelectrical method and pumping test data in southeast Guangdong, China. Geosciences Journal 2020, 25, 223 -242.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Gulraiz Akhter. Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a hard rock aquifer using integrated surface geoelectrical method and pumping test data in southeast Guangdong, China. Geosciences Journal. 2020; 25 (2):223-242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. 2020. "Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a hard rock aquifer using integrated surface geoelectrical method and pumping test data in southeast Guangdong, China." Geosciences Journal 25, no. 2: 223-242.
Subsurface geological formation is essential to validate design assumptions for the construction of deep engineering structures, especially in the weathered terrains. The geological formation can be delineated using resistivity values through an electrical survey. However, the subsurface resistivity alone is ambiguous to interpret the subsurface geological units. As part of an ongoing investigation to select the key methods towards this end, an integrated geophysical survey through a combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), magnetic method and joint profile method (JPM) was carried out in a weathered terrain of South Huizhou, China. Resistivity, IP, and magnetic data were obtained using a variety of survey parameters. Subsurface resistivity was calibrated with upfront boreholes lithology to constrain geological formation into four discrete layers such as topsoil cover with resistivity 2–3257 Ωm, highly weathered layer having resistivity 2–636 Ωm, partly weathered layer with resistivity range 448–1204 Ωm, and unweathered bedrock having resistivity 791–116,497 Ωm. The integration of ERT with IP, magnetic and JPM delineated four faults namely F1, F2, F3 and F4, and several localized fractures. The weathered layer, fractures and faults were marked as the weakest zones for engineering projects, whereas the unweathered fresh bedrocks were identified as the most appropriate locations for the construction of deep structures in the study area. The weakest zones unsuitable for engineering structures were delineated as the most appropriate places of groundwater occurrence in the studied area revealed by low resistivity ranging from 2 to 1204 Ωm and overlapped by low chargeability less than 14.8 ms. This non-invasive geophysical approach suggests the most suitable locations highly significant not only for the future construction of engineering structures but also the exploitation of groundwater resources in the investigated area.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. An engineering site investigation using non-invasive geophysical approach. Environmental Earth Sciences 2020, 79, 1 -15.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Gulraiz Akhter. An engineering site investigation using non-invasive geophysical approach. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2020; 79 (11):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. 2020. "An engineering site investigation using non-invasive geophysical approach." Environmental Earth Sciences 79, no. 11: 1-15.
Despite being rich in groundwater resources, assessment of hard-rock aquifers in many areas of Asia is difficult given their strong heterogeneity. However, delineation of such aquifers is essential for estimation of the groundwater reserves. In addition, the vulnerability of hard-rock aquifers is controlled by the weathered/fractured zones because it is the place where most of the groundwater reserves are contained. In this work, an integrated approach of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), high precision magnetic, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), physicochemical analysis and pumping test data was performed to investigate the hard-rock aquifers occurring in the weathered terrains. This approach reveals seven fractures/faults (F1 to F7) and four discrete layers such as the topsoil cover, highly weathered, partly weathered and unweathered rock. The groundwater resources are estimated as a function of different parameters i.e., aquifer resistivity (ρo), transverse unit resistance (Tr), hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissivity (T), rock formation factor (F) and rock porosity (Φ). These parameters divide the groundwater resources into four aquifer potential zones with specific ranges of ρo, Tr, K, T, F and Φ i.e., high, medium, poor, and negligible potential aquifers. The results suggest that the high potential aquifer reserves are contained within the weathered/fractured and fault zones. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique analyzes quartz as the major mineral (>50%). The physicochemical and geophysical analysis suggests good groundwater quality in the investigated area. The integrated results are highly satisfied with the available borehole information. This integrated geophysical approach for the estimation of groundwater resources is not only applicable in the weathered terrains of South China, but also in many other areas of the weathered/fractured aquifer in Asia and beyond.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China. Open Geosciences 2019, 11, 1129 -1150.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Gulraiz Akhter. Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China. Open Geosciences. 2019; 11 (1):1129-1150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. 2019. "Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1: 1129-1150.
A decline in surface water sources in Pakistan is continuously causing the over-extraction of groundwater resources which is in turn costing the saltwater intrusion in many areas of the country. The saltwater intrusion is a major problem in sustainable groundwater development. The application of electrical resistivity methods is one of the best known geophysical approaches in groundwater study. Considering the accuracy in extraction of freshwater resources, the use of resistivity methods is highly successful to delineate the fresh-saline aquifer boundary. An integrated geophysical study of VES and ERI methods was carried out through the analysis and interpretation of resistivity data using Schlumberger array. The main purpose of this investigation was to delineate the fresh/saline aquifer zones for exploitation and management of fresh water resources in the Upper Bari Doab, northeast Punjab, Pakistan. The results suggest that sudden drop in resistivity values caused by the solute salts indicates the saline aquifer, whereas high resistivity values above a specific range reveal the fresh water. However, the overlapping of fresh/saline aquifers caused by the formation resistivity was delineated through confident solutions of the D-Z parameters computed from the VES data. A four-layered unified model of the subsurface geologic formation was constrained by the calibration between formation resistivity and borehole lithologs. i.e., sand and gravel-sand containing fresh water, clay-sand with brackish water, and clay having saline water. The aquifer yield contained within the fresh/saline aquifers was measured by the hydraulic parameters. The fresh-saline interface demarcated by the resistivity methods was confirmed by the geochemical method and the local hydrogeological data. The proposed geophysical approach can delineate the fresh-saline boundary with 90% confidence in any homogeneous or heterogeneous aquifer system.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. Delineation of contaminated aquifers using integrated geophysical methods in Northeast Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2019, 192, 12 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Weijun Jin. Delineation of contaminated aquifers using integrated geophysical methods in Northeast Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019; 192 (1):12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. 2019. "Delineation of contaminated aquifers using integrated geophysical methods in Northeast Punjab, Pakistan." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 1: 12.
Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. Delineation of the subsurface geological formation in the weathered terrain is essential for groundwater exploration. To achieve this goal, 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) in combination with joint profile method (JPM) and boreholes have been carried out to delineate the subsurface geological units, detect the fracture/fault zones in hard rock, monitor the groundwater flow, and estimate the groundwater reserves contained within the weathered terrain at a complex heterogeneous site of Huangbu, South Guangdong of China. The integration of resistivity images with the borehole lithology along three profiles delineates three subsurface distinct layers namely topsoil cover, weathered and unweathered layers. The incorporation of ERT and SP with JPM reveal five fractures/faults, i.e., F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. 2D ERT models interpret the less resistive anomalies as the fractures/faults zones, and high resistive anomalies as the fresh bedrock. The inversion program based on the smoothness-constraint is used on the resistivity field data to get more realistic three layered model. SP measurements are obtained along the same electrical profiles which provide the negative anomalies clearly indicating the groundwater preferential flow pathways along the fracture/fault zones. Hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined to estimate the groundwater resources contained within the fractures/faults. The integrated results suggest that the fractures/faults zones are most appropriate places of drilling for groundwater exploration in the investigated area. Geophysical methods coupled with the upfront borehole data provides better understanding about the conceptual model of the subsurface geological formations. The current investigation demonstrates the importance of the integrated geophysical methods as a complementary approach for groundwater assessment in the hard rock weathered areas.
Muhammad Hasan; Yan-Jun Shang; Wei-Jun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods. Journal of Mountain Science 2019, 16, 850 -869.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yan-Jun Shang, Wei-Jun Jin, Gulraiz Akhter. Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods. Journal of Mountain Science. 2019; 16 (4):850-869.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yan-Jun Shang; Wei-Jun Jin; Gulraiz Akhter. 2019. "Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods." Journal of Mountain Science 16, no. 4: 850-869.
Geophysical methods are effectively used to delineate intrusion boundary between the fresh and saline aquifers because of their intrinsic capability to assess the lateral variations in the pore-water salinity. In this study, an integrated geophysical approach of vertical electrical sounding (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been conducted to delineate the contaminated aquifers in the Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) using Schlumberger array with 5 m electrode spacing was conducted along eleven profiles at three selected sites (LBD1, LBD2 and LBD3) in the investigated area. The surface geoelectrical method was performed by sixty electrical resistivity soundings using the same array with maximum current electrode spacing (AB = 150 m). The integration of formation resistivity with ten boreholes reveals four discrete subsurface layers i.e., clay having saline aquifer, clay-sand containing brackish aquifer, sand with fresh aquifer and gravel-sand containing fresh aquifer. Estimation of Dar-Zarrouk Parameters (i.e., longitudinal resistivity, transverse resistance and longitudinal conductance) from different combinations of aquifer thickness and resistivity delineated the fresh, brackish and saline water zones with specific values range through mapping and graphical analysis. Geochemical method was performed on forty wells for main cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), anions (SO42−, Cl−, HCO3– and NO3−) and other parameters (As, EC, TDS and pH) to validate the results obtained from the geophysical methods. The fresh/saline aquifers delineated by the inclusion of ERT and geoelectrical method are in good agreement with those revealed by the physicochemical analysis and the local hydrogeological data. The results suggest that the use of non-invasive geophysical methods can reduce the number of expensive boreholes to obtain an interface between the fresh and saline water for the exploitation of fresh groundwater resources in any large area of homogeneous or heterogeneous aquifers.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. Application of VES and ERT for delineation of fresh-saline interface in alluvial aquifers of Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Geophysics 2019, 164, 200 -213.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Weijun Jin. Application of VES and ERT for delineation of fresh-saline interface in alluvial aquifers of Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2019; 164 ():200-213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. 2019. "Application of VES and ERT for delineation of fresh-saline interface in alluvial aquifers of Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan." Journal of Applied Geophysics 164, no. : 200-213.
Groundwater is the main supply of fresh water in many parts of the world. The intrusion of saline water into the fresh water is a serious threat to groundwater resources. Delineation of fresh-saline aquifer zones is essential to exploit the potable fresh water. The conventional method to differentiate fresh-saline water interface is to collect and test groundwater samples from boreholes using a number of laboratory tests. However, such techniques are expensive and time consuming. A non-invasive geoelectrical method, in combination with borehole data and physicochemical analysis, is proposed to assess the fresh-saline aquifers. This investigation was conducted in Jahanian area of Pakistan with forty-five vertical electrical soundings (VES) using Schlumberger array, nine bore wells and fifty physicochemical samples. The fresh-saline aquifers are delineated by aquifer resistivity and Dar-Zarrouk parameters namely transverse unit resistance and longitudinal unit conductance. The aquifer potential of fresh-saline water zones is estimated by the aquifer parameters namely transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. Integration of subsurface resistivity with hydrogeological information reveals the subsurface formation of five layered succession, that is, topsoil having dry strata with resistivity greater than 30 Ωm, clay containing saline water with resistivity less than 15 Ωm, clay-sand with brackish water having resistivity between 15 and 25 Ωm, sand containing fresh water with resistivity ranging from 25 to 45 Ωm and gravel-sand having fresh water with resistivity greater than 45 Ωm. The geoelectrical columns and geological cross-sections constructed by the aquifer resistivity provide effectiveness of the interpretations for the evaluation of fresh-saline aquifers. The results of physicochemical analysis using WHO guideline validate the fresh-saline aquifer zones delineated by the geophysical method. This investigation contributes towards predicting the fresh-saline water interface using inexpensive geoelectrical method.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. Delineation of Saline-Water Intrusion Using Surface Geoelectrical Method in Jahanian Area, Pakistan. Water 2018, 10, 1548 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Weijun Jin. Delineation of Saline-Water Intrusion Using Surface Geoelectrical Method in Jahanian Area, Pakistan. Water. 2018; 10 (11):1548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. 2018. "Delineation of Saline-Water Intrusion Using Surface Geoelectrical Method in Jahanian Area, Pakistan." Water 10, no. 11: 1548.
Knowledge of hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) is essential for the delineation of groundwater potential zones. Conventionally, these parameters are measured using pumping tests carried out on boreholes. However, pumping tests are costly, labor intensive and require a considerable amount of equipments. The integration of geophysical methods with pumping tests provides efficient and cost effective alternative to calculate hydraulic parameters. Fifty electrical resistivity soundings were carried out in the study area using Schlumberger inter‐electrode configuration to obtain hydraulic characteristics that are estimated through the pumping tests. To apply this approach successfully, sufficient number of boreholes are used. Part of the boreholes, in which pumping tests were carried out, is used for both to constrain resistivity inversions and to establish the empirical relationship between the interpreted geophysical and hydraulic parameters. The rest of the boreholes without pumping tests are still used for constraining the inversions. Initially, aquifer parameters were measured using pumping tests at twelve water wells. Afterwards, transmissivity (T) and hydraulic conductivity (K) were correlated with transverse resistance (Tr) and the bulk resistivity (ρo) of the aquifer at other sites where pumping tests had not been conducted. In this way, the entire study area was covered to assess the groundwater reserves. The hydraulic properties obtained by the geophysical method fit pretty well to both the pumping and physicochemical data of the investigated area. The integrated study reveals five layers (i.e., topsoil, clay, clay sand, sand and gravel sand) and three potential zones (i.e., high, medium and low potential aquifer zones) with specific ranges of T, K, Tr and ρo. The results suggest that, in case of sparse well data, the aquifer parameters can be estimated using the relations depending on the specifications of the area. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. Evaluation of groundwater potential in Kabirwala area, Pakistan: A case study by using geophysical, geochemical and pump data. Geophysical Prospecting 2018, 66, 1737 -1750.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Weijun Jin. Evaluation of groundwater potential in Kabirwala area, Pakistan: A case study by using geophysical, geochemical and pump data. Geophysical Prospecting. 2018; 66 (9):1737-1750.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. 2018. "Evaluation of groundwater potential in Kabirwala area, Pakistan: A case study by using geophysical, geochemical and pump data." Geophysical Prospecting 66, no. 9: 1737-1750.
An integrated geophysical approach involving 2D modeling of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and magnetic methods has been employed at a highly heterogeneous site in Guangdong, South China, with a view at mapping the subsurface structures and delineating the weathered/fracture zones for groundwater potential. This study was carried out by ERT and magnetic surveys along the same profiles. One ERT survey was performed by the ABEM LUND Imaging System along four profiles each with a total of 81 electrodes, electrode spacing of 5 m and a spread length of 400 m. Another magnetic survey was conducted by two Geometrics G-856 proton precession magnetometers of 0.1 nT sensitivity along four profiles each with 79 magnetic measurements, a station interval of 5 m and a spread length of 390 m. The 2D modeling results of ERT and magnetic methods delineated several discontinuities (weathered/fracture zones) and three distinct layers i.e., top soil cover, weathered layer (weathered tuff) and unweathered layer (fresh bedrock). The integration of ERT and magnetic models shows good correlation with available upfront borehole information. The results suggest that groundwater is best accessible within the weathered/fracture zones in the study area. This integrated geophysical approach can be affectively used in weathered environment for groundwater exploration.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin. Delineation of weathered/fracture zones for aquifer potential using an integrated geophysical approach: A case study from South China. Journal of Applied Geophysics 2018, 157, 47 -60.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin. Delineation of weathered/fracture zones for aquifer potential using an integrated geophysical approach: A case study from South China. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2018; 157 ():47-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Weijun Jin. 2018. "Delineation of weathered/fracture zones for aquifer potential using an integrated geophysical approach: A case study from South China." Journal of Applied Geophysics 157, no. : 47-60.
In areas where weathering has hydrogeological significance, geophysical methods can assist to map the subsurface characteristics for groundwater occurrence. In this study, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey in combination with joint profile method (JPM), magnetic method and borehole data was conducted to investigate the aquifer potential in strongly weathered volcanic rocks. The aim was to assess the geological units related to the water-bearing formation of aquifer systems in South Guangdong, China. The resistivities were measured along four profiles each with a total of 81 electrodes, a spread length of 400 m and an electrode spacing of 5 m insuring continuous coverage. The data from a borehole survey revealed three different layers i.e., highly weathered layer, partly weathered layer and fresh basement rock, whose respective thickness were integrated into ERT images to get more useful results about the real resistivity ranges of the these layers (i.e., 22 Ωm–345 Ωm for highly weathered layer, 324 Ωm–926 Ωm for partly weathered and 913 Ωm–2579 Ωm for fresh bedrock). The electrical resistivity imaging including the surface topography provides spatial variations in electrical properties of the weathered/unweathered layers since resistivity depends on the properties of a material rather than its thickness. ERT sections were integrated with JPM and magnetic method to delineate the main faults (F1, F2 and F3). ERT sections show a geometric relationship between different layered boundaries, particularly those of the aquifers with fresh basement and surface topographies. These layers comprise an overburden of 50 m thickness revealed by ERT sections. The results show that weathered and partly weathered layers between the topographic surface and bed rock yield maximum aquifer potential in the study area. ERT imaging method provides promising input to groundwater evaluation in the areas of weathered environment with complex geology.
Qiang Gao; Yanjun Shang; Muhammad Hasan; Weijun Jin; Peng Yang. Evaluation of a Weathered Rock Aquifer Using ERT Method in South Guangdong, China. Water 2018, 10, 293 .
AMA StyleQiang Gao, Yanjun Shang, Muhammad Hasan, Weijun Jin, Peng Yang. Evaluation of a Weathered Rock Aquifer Using ERT Method in South Guangdong, China. Water. 2018; 10 (3):293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiang Gao; Yanjun Shang; Muhammad Hasan; Weijun Jin; Peng Yang. 2018. "Evaluation of a Weathered Rock Aquifer Using ERT Method in South Guangdong, China." Water 10, no. 3: 293.
An integrated study using geophysical method in combination with pumping tests and geochemical method was carried out to delineate groundwater potential zones in Mian Channu area of Pakistan. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) using Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode spacing (AB/2 = 200 m) were conducted at 50 stations and 10 pumping tests at borehole sites were performed in close proximity to 10 of the VES stations. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between the hydraulic parameters obtained from geophysical method and pumping tests so that the aquifer potential can be estimated from the geoelectrical surface measurements where no pumping tests exist. The aquifer parameters, namely, transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were estimated from Dar Zarrouyk parameters by interpreting the layer parameters such as true resistivities and thicknesses. Geoelectrical succession of five‐layer strata (i.e., topsoil, clay, clay sand, sand, and sand gravel) with sand as a dominant lithology was found in the study area. Physicochemical parameters interpreted by World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization were well correlated with the aquifer parameters obtained by geoelectrical method and pumping tests. The aquifer potential zones identified by modeled resistivity, Dar Zarrouk parameters, pumped aquifer parameters, and physicochemical parameters reveal that sand and gravel sand with high values of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity are highly promising water bearing layers in northwest of the study area. Strong correlation between estimated and pumped aquifer parameters suggest that, in case of sparse well data, geophysical technique is useful to estimate the hydraulic potential of the aquifer with varying lithology.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential: A Case Study from Mian Channu Area, Pakistan. Groundwater 2017, 56, 783 -796.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Weijun Jin. Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential: A Case Study from Mian Channu Area, Pakistan. Groundwater. 2017; 56 (5):783-796.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Weijun Jin. 2017. "Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential: A Case Study from Mian Channu Area, Pakistan." Groundwater 56, no. 5: 783-796.
The aim of this study is to determine how to evaluate the suitability of engineering sites quantitatively with the aid of multi-disciplines. This paper presents an engineering site suitability index (ESSI) system based on a multi-factor interaction matrix. This system was designed to define the principal causes related to suitability of engineering sites, quantify factor interactions, obtain the weight ratios and calculate the index of suitability. Recently, the ESSI system has been used successfully in the site selection for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) project. Firstly, the geomorphology, lithology, geological structure, hydrogeology, rock weathering and land use were selected as evaluation indices to compare the suitability of the five potential sites. Secondly, the relationship matrix was established, and then the weight ratios of six influential factors were computed comprehensively after the analysis of relationship among these six factors. The third site was selected for the suitability of CSNS as the most favorable engineering site after the evaluation of five potential sites for the engineering excavation and construction. This case study shows that the ESSI system is scientific, reasonable and applicable to provide a reference for similar large-scale geo-engineering sites.
Kun Li; Yanjun Shang; Wantong He; Daming Lin; Muhammad Hasan; Kaiyang Wang. An engineering site suitability index (ESSI) for the evaluation of geological situations based on a multi-factor interaction matrix. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2017, 78, 569 -577.
AMA StyleKun Li, Yanjun Shang, Wantong He, Daming Lin, Muhammad Hasan, Kaiyang Wang. An engineering site suitability index (ESSI) for the evaluation of geological situations based on a multi-factor interaction matrix. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2017; 78 (1):569-577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKun Li; Yanjun Shang; Wantong He; Daming Lin; Muhammad Hasan; Kaiyang Wang. 2017. "An engineering site suitability index (ESSI) for the evaluation of geological situations based on a multi-factor interaction matrix." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 78, no. 1: 569-577.
The importance of the study of fresh-saline water incursion cannot be over-emphasized. Borehole techniques have been widely used, but they are quite expensive, intrusive, and time consuming. The electrical resistivity method has proved very successful in groundwater assessment. This advanced technique uses the calculation of Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters, namely longitudinal unit conductance, transverse unit resistance, and longitudinal resistivity has been employed by using 50 vertical electrical sounding points to assess the groundwater and delineate the fresh-saline water interface over 1045 km2 area of Khanewal in Southern Punjab of Pakistan. The x-y plots and maps of D-Z parameters were produced to establish a decipherable vision for the occurrence and distribution of different water-bearing formations of fresh-saline water aquifers through a complicated situation of intermixing of different resistivity ranges for fresh-saline water bodies. This technique is useful to reduce the ambiguity produced by the process of equivalence and suppression which cause intermixing in differentiating fresh, brackish, and saline aquifers during interpretation. The fresh-saline water interface is correlated very well with the previous studies of water quality analysis carried out in Khanewal area. The results suggest that the D-Z parameters are useful for demarcating different aquifer zones. The behavior and pattern of D-Z parameters with respect to occurrence and distribution of different water-bearing formations were effectively identified and delineated in the study area.
Muhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Majid Khan. Geophysical Investigation of Fresh-Saline Water Interface: A Case Study from South Punjab, Pakistan. Groundwater 2017, 55, 841 -856.
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Yanjun Shang, Gulraiz Akhter, Majid Khan. Geophysical Investigation of Fresh-Saline Water Interface: A Case Study from South Punjab, Pakistan. Groundwater. 2017; 55 (6):841-856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Yanjun Shang; Gulraiz Akhter; Majid Khan. 2017. "Geophysical Investigation of Fresh-Saline Water Interface: A Case Study from South Punjab, Pakistan." Groundwater 55, no. 6: 841-856.
Correlating the physicochemical parameters for assessment of the groundwater quality has emerged as a very useful approach for water use. Taking water samples from the Toba Tek Singh District of Pakistan, this study assess the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. A sum-total of 72nos. groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for the purpose of different water quality parameters including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO- 3), chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4 2-), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH). The results obtained were, then, compared with the standard desirable limits of physicochemical parameters prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) and Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) for drinking purposes. In order to classify the groundwater suitability for irrigation purpose, parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (PS), permeability index (PI), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) were also calculated on the basis of chemical data. After that, the correlation coefficients between different physicochemical parameters were calculated to identify the highly correlated and interrelated parameters for water quality. Different plots like Piper, Durov, Schoeller and Stiff diagrams were drawn to classify the groundwater ability for different purposes. These several classifications show most of groundwater samples falling within the safe limits and thus suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes, except of a few samples with a caution that it may get worse in the future.
Hasan M. Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering 2017, 06, 1 .
AMA StyleHasan M. Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering. 2017; 06 (01):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan M. 2017. "Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan." Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering 06, no. 01: 1.
Structural delineation and Stratigraphic evaluation of proven geological basins are of prime importance for hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. The current study aims to map the subsurface geology in a part of Lower Indus basin of Pakistan in terms of structure and stratigraphy using seismic data with some borehole information. In this paper, conventional integrated geophysical technique has been used to analyze the seismic data to characterize reservoir formations. To pursue the interpretation, 2D seismic data in SEG-Y format was used along with velocity and well logs information. Visual interpretation of seismic profiles is transformed into 2D and 3D (Time and Depth domain) contour maps, which is the representation of true subsurface geology. Three promising closures at shallow time have been identified on structural contour maps which are indicative of possible prospects. A closure, covering approximately 1 Sq. Km area over Eocene aged Sui Main Limestone and further two over Cretaceous aged Lower Goru formation covering areas of 500 and 400 Sq. km along shot point 260 and 380-390, respectively. Conjugate normal fault system among the stratigraphic layers existing in the study area can smoothly provide the hydrocarbon trapping mechanism. In order to further confirm the probable future prospects and support the study, modeling of P and S wave Acoustic Impedance have also been done. The advance integrated study of AVO modeling and numerical rock physics analysis may be helpful in providing further insights into current research.
Majid Khan; Shahid Nawaz; Munawar Shah; Muhammad Hasan. Interpreting Seismic Profiles in terms of Structure and Stratigraphy, an Example from Lower Indus Basin Pakistan. Universal Journal of Geoscience 2016, 4, 62 -71.
AMA StyleMajid Khan, Shahid Nawaz, Munawar Shah, Muhammad Hasan. Interpreting Seismic Profiles in terms of Structure and Stratigraphy, an Example from Lower Indus Basin Pakistan. Universal Journal of Geoscience. 2016; 4 (3):62-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajid Khan; Shahid Nawaz; Munawar Shah; Muhammad Hasan. 2016. "Interpreting Seismic Profiles in terms of Structure and Stratigraphy, an Example from Lower Indus Basin Pakistan." Universal Journal of Geoscience 4, no. 3: 62-71.
In order to determine the groundwater resources and potentials of the Khanewal District of Pakistan, a geophysical method in combination with pumping test data were used. An analytical relationship between the aquifer parameters interpreted from surface geoelectrical method and pumping test was established in order to estimate aquifer parameters from surface measurements where no pumping tests exist. For the said purpose, 48 geoelectric investigations were carried out using Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES). Seven of the soundings were conducted where pumping tests had been carried out at borehole sites. The vertical electrical sounding stations were interpreted, and resistivities and thickness parameters were calculated. The values of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were calculated using the Dar Zarrouk parameter. Transmissivity values obtained from pumping test data and the VES method range between 954 – 4263 m
Gulraiz Akhter; M. Hasan. Determination of aquifer parameters using geoelectrical sounding and pumping test data in Khanewal District, Pakistan. Open Geosciences 2016, 8, 630 -638.
AMA StyleGulraiz Akhter, M. Hasan. Determination of aquifer parameters using geoelectrical sounding and pumping test data in Khanewal District, Pakistan. Open Geosciences. 2016; 8 (1):630-638.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGulraiz Akhter; M. Hasan. 2016. "Determination of aquifer parameters using geoelectrical sounding and pumping test data in Khanewal District, Pakistan." Open Geosciences 8, no. 1: 630-638.