Introduction: Statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) are increasingly popular in Nutritional Epidemiology studies. However, misunderstandings regarding the choice and application of these methods have been observed. Objectives: This study aims to compare and present the main differences and similarities between FA and PCA, focusing on their applicability to nutritional studies. Methods: PCA and FA were applied on a matrix of 34 variables expressing the mean food intake of 1,102 individuals from a population-based study. Results: Two factors were extracted and, together, they explained 57.66% of the common variance of food group variables, while five components were extracted, explaining 26.25% of the total variance of food group variables. Among the main differences of these two methods are: normality assumption, matrices of variance-covariance/correlation and its explained variance, factorial scores, and associated error. The similarities are: both analyses are used for data reduction, the sample size usually needs to be big, correlated data, and they are based on matrices of variance-covariance. Conclusion: PCA and FA should not be treated as equal statistical methods, given that the theoretical rationale and assumptions for using these methods as well as the interpretation of results are different.

OBJETIVOS Identificar padrões alimentares entre adultos brasileiros a partir dos Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação (INA) 2008–2009 e 2017–2018, verificando, nesse último período, a aderência aos padrões de acordo com fatores sociodemográficos e regiões brasileiras. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados do primeiro de dois dias de consumo alimentar de adultos (19–59 anos de idade) entrevistados nos INA 2008–2009 (n = 21.630) e 2017–2018 (n = 28.901). Os padrões alimentares foram derivados por análise fatorial exploratória a partir de 19 grupos de alimentos, considerando a complexidade do desenho amostral. Para o INA 2017–2018, os escores fatoriais foram avaliados de acordo com sexo, faixa etária, região, renda per capita e escolaridade. RESULTADOS Foram identificados três padrões nos dois inquéritos: (1) “tradicional”, caracterizado por arroz, feijão e carnes; (2) “pães e manteiga/margarina”, caracterizado por pães, óleos e gorduras (incluindo margarina/manteiga) e, em 2008–2009, café e chás; e (3) “ocidental”, caracterizado por refrigerantes e pizzas e salgados, além de farinhas e massas e doces em 2017–2018. O padrão “tradicional” teve maior aderência entre homens, moradores da região Centro-Oeste e indivíduos com ensino fundamental incompleto. Para o padrão “pães e manteiga/margarina”, observou-se maior aderência entre o sexo masculino, indivíduos com idade entre 40 e 59 anos, da região Sudeste e com renda entre 1 e 2 salários-mínimos per capita. Indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idades entre 19 e 39 anos, da região Sul, com renda per capita maior que dois salários-mínimos e escolaridade igual ou maior que o ensino fundamental foram os que apresentaram maior adesão ao padrão “ocidental”. CONCLUSÃO Os padrões alimentares identificados em 2008–2009 e 2017–2018 foram similares, com manutenção do padrão “tradicional”, que inclui arroz, feijão e carnes. A adesão aos padrões varia de acordo com sexo, faixa etária, região, renda per capita e escolaridade.

This study aimed to estimate household pesticide exposure in adult individuals in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to verify the accessibility of these products in local and online businesses. The data were collected by an online questionnaire (1,015 responses) and a shelf survey in physical and online stores. Among the responses analyzed, 87.5% used pesticides in the previous year, most of which against mosquitoes (64.7%). The most common application method was aerosol spray (38.1%), and the most frequent places of use were bedrooms (29.7%) and living rooms (22.1%). About 30% of respondents reported invasion of pests, and the most common pests were ants (79.1%) and cockroaches (40.4%). Service area (71.6%) and kitchen (17.5%) were the most common storage locations. Approximately 91% of those who lived with children aged under 18 used pesticides. The use of chemical group of pyrethroids prevailed (81.6%), and 90.8% of the reportedly used products are class II [55.7% (highly toxic)] or class III [35.1% (medium toxic)]. The most significant amount of purchased products was in the pest category, followed by mosquitoes. More variety of products were available in online stores than in physical stores. The high exposure of the population to pesticides at household is a public health issue and confirms the need for studies that better assess the risks and consequences of chronic and low-dose exposure to these substances. It is essential to inform the population about the uncertainties and potential risks of indiscriminate use so that they can choose whether to use pesticides in their households.

The objective was to investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), skipping breakfast, and breakfast patterns in Brazilian adults. We analyzed data of 21,003 individuals aged between 20 to 59 from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-2009. Breakfast was defined as the eating occasion between 5 and 10a.m. with the highest usual food consumption (exceeding 50Kcal/209.2kJ). Dietary patterns were derived by the factor analysis of 18 food groups (usual intake). Controlling for confounders linear regressions of BMI were used to verify the associations considering the survey design. Skipping breakfast was not associated with BMI. Three breakfast patterns were observed (48% variability): Brazilian Northern (positive loading for meats, preparations with corn, eggs, tubers/roots/potatoes, dairy products, savory snacks/crackers, fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks); Western (positive for fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks, sandwiches/pizza, baked/deep-fried snacks, chocolate/desserts, cakes/cookies) and Brazilian Southeastern (cold cut meat, milk, cheese, coffee/tea, bread). The Brazilian Southeastern pattern was inversely associated with BMI, while the Brazilian Northern pattern was directly associated with it. Therefore, the results suggest a role for breakfast quality in the association with BMI. Thus, a Brazilian Southeastern breakfast usual intake may be inversely associated with BMI.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional - SISVAN) coverage and the nutritional status of older adults, and its correlation with indicators of social inequality in Brazil between 2008-2019. Methods: this was an ecological study using records from SISVAN, related to the population aged 60 years and older; the temporal trend of coverage and the correlation between indicators of social inequality and increment rate of nutritional status were analyzed; slope index of inequality and concentration index were used to measure absolute and relative inequalities. Results: 11,587,933 records were identified; national coverage increased from 0.1% (2008) to 2.9% (2019), with a statistically significant upward trend; a moderate inverse correlation with an annual increment rate of overweight between human development index and gross domestic product per capita, was found. Conclusion: there was an increasing trend in SISVAN coverage; the increase in overweight was associated with social inequality.

RESUMO: Introdução: A ocorrência da tuberculose tem sido relacionada à organização espacial e à melhoria das condições de vida da população. Contudo, essa relação não é de forma direta, e o adoecimento por tuberculose envolve processos de diferentes níveis de organização. Método: Estudo ecológico que analisa a relação entre condições de vida e tuberculose no município de Niterói, Brasil. Foram criados dois indicadores, socioambiental e programático, por meio de análise fatorial e analisados por regressão no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram construídos mapas temáticos com os dados referentes à taxa de incidência e aos indicadores, para verificar o padrão da distribuição da taxa de incidência e desses indicadores no município. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram associação direta e significativa entre os dois indicadores com a taxa de incidência de tuberculose. O aumento em uma unidade no indicador programático esteve associado com um aumento na taxa de incidência em 7%. Já o indicador socioambiental associou-se com uma taxa de tuberculose 27% mais elevada. Discussão: Os resultados do presente trabalho foram consistentes ao constatar relação direta entre tuberculose e condições de vida no município de Niterói. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a dinâmica da transmissão da tuberculose no município de Niterói pode ser explicada pela ocorrência da doença em áreas de periferia social consolidada e pela vulnerabilidade social de grupos específicos.