Even though substantial advances made in the device configuration of the frontal layers of the superstrate cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell device have contributed to conversion efficiency, unresolved challenges remain in regard to controlling the self-compensation and minority carrier recombination at the back contact that limits the efficiency. In this study, a SCAPS-1D simulator was used to analyze the loss mechanism and performance limitations due to the band-bending effect upon copper chloride treatment and subsequent Cu₂Te layer formation as the back contact buffer layer. The optimal energy bandgap range for the proposed back surface layer of Cu₂Te is derived to be in the range of 1.1 eV to 1.3 eV for the maximum conversion efficiency, i.e., around 21.3%. Moreover, the impacts of absorber layer’s carrier concentration with respect to CdTe film thickness, bandgap, and operational temperature are analyzed. The optimized design reveals that the acceptor concentration contributes significantly to the performance of the CdTe devices, including spectral response. Consequently, the optimized thickness of the CdTe absorber layer with a Cu-based back contact is found to be 2.5 µm. Moreover, the effect of temperature ranging from 30 °C to 100 °C as the operating condition of the CdTe thin-film solar cells is addressed, which demonstrates an increasing recombination tread once the device temperature exceeds 60 °C, thus affecting the stability of the solar cells.

Waterpower, a form of renewable energy, has been used for irrigation since a thousand years ago with the construction of water turbines or mills. This project addresses energy management challenges in urban buildings by creating a small-scale hydro-pumped storage system using Pelton turbines. It consists of two phases: the initial conceptual stage and the subsequent implementation and analysis stage. In the first phase, thorough research defines the problem and gathers relevant data. Solidworks software is used to meticulously design system components, considering factors like water flow rates and head height. The second phase involves the preliminary result of the system and rigorous on-site testing to measure Pelton turbine performance metrics, including power output, torque, and water flow velocity. A comprehensive feasibility study evaluates the system's impact within a building context. Expected outcomes include a holistic system design, turbine selection, and seamless integration within the building infrastructure.