Abnormal behavior detection in dense crowd, during the Hajj pilgrimage is vital to public security. Existing approaches face challenges due to factors like occlusions, illumination variations, and uniform attire. This research introduces the Crowd Anomaly Detection Framework (CADF), an improved YOLOv8-based model, integrating Soft-NMS to improve detection accuracy under complex conditions. CADF extensively evaluated on the Hajjv2 dataset, delivering an AUC of 88.27%, a 13.09% improvement over YOLOv2 and 12.19% over YOLOv5, with an Accuracy of 91.6%. To validate its generalizability, the framework is also tested on UCSD and ShanghaiTech datasets. Comparisons with state-of-the-art models, including VGG19 and EfficientDet, demonstrated CADF’s superiority in accuracy, AUC, precision, recall, and mAP metrics. By addressing the unique challenges of Hajj crowd and achieving strong performance across diverse datasets, CADF highlights its potential for real-time crowd anomaly detection, contributing to enhanced safety in large-scale public gatherings and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 11.

Fog computing extends mobile cloud computing facilities at the network edge, yielding low-latency application execution. To supplement cloud services, computationally intensive applications can be distributed on resource-constrained mobile devices by leveraging underutilized nearby resources to meet the latency and bandwidth requirements of application execution. Building upon this premise, it is necessary to investigate idle or underutilized resources that are present at the edge of the network. The utilization of a microservice architecture in IoT application development, with its increased granularity in service breakdown, provides opportunities for improved scalability, maintainability, and extensibility. In this research, the proposed schedule tackles the latency requirements of applications by identifying suitable upward migration of microservices within a multi-tiered fog computing infrastructure. This approach enables optimal utilization of network edge resources. Experimental validation is performed using the iFogSim2 simulator and the results are compared with existing baselines. The results demonstrate that compared to the edgewards approach, our proposed technique significantly improves the latency requirements of application execution, network usage, and energy consumption by 66.92%, 69.83%, and 4.16%, respectively.

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an innovative approach based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) that utilizes frequency spectrum efficiently to accommodate large number of users. Fast & fine spectrum sensing (to determine available free spectrum) is the primary objective in CR systems. Spectrum sensing is effected by multipath and shadowing which are the major hindrances in wireless communication; there are different methods to perform spectrum sensing. This paper aims to investigate the spectrum sensing through energy detection method over different fading channels (AWGN, Rayleigh, Nakagami) and shows a detailed comparison of these channels parameters based on simulation results. Degradation of performance as a result of multipath & shadowing is improved by collaborative spectrum sensing. Initially, spectrum sensing is compared using different channels and then improvement in results is shown using collaborative spectrum sensing.