For the administrative districts of the city of Ufa (the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia), the distribution of green spaces, including public green spaces, the degree of greening, and the accessible green spaces per resident, were analysed. Green spaces were estimated to be available for the citizens within 400 m (for multi-story building areas), 800 m (for low-rise building areas), and 1250 m (for all residential areas). The analysis relies on open geographic system tools and open spatial data. Data are compared with existing governmental regulations and recommendations. Green stands to cover approximately 35% of the city area (indicating that Ufa is one of the greenest among the 16 million-plus Russian cities), and most forest sites are located outside the city centre. Meanwhile, public green spaces cover less than 5% of the city and are unevenly spread across administrative urban districts. The major recreation facilities are situated in the city centre. Despite the high level of greening in Ufa on the whole, access to public areas in multi-story building areas within a 400 m radius and low-rise building areas within an 800 m radius is not guaranteed for city residents.

Green spaces of the city are an integral part of its ecological framework. When planning urban space, information is needed on their actual distribution, condition and dynamics. To do this, it is advisable to use satellite images. The purpose of the work is to conduct remote monitoring of green spaces of Ufa using Landsat satellite images over the past 30 years. Image processing, including radiometric calibration, reducing the amount of data from 6 channels to 3 main components, uncontrolled classification of images, grouping classes to 5 types of underlying surface (open soil, no vegetation, grassy vegetation, tree and shrub vegetation, underwater), matrix construction changes were made using the tools of the SAGA GIS software product. As a result, a map was constructed showing spatial changes of the “tree-shrub vegetation” type over 30 years. The plots on which this type is preserved make up 16 073 ha, on which it was replaced by another type of underlying surface - 3700 ha. Plots characterized in 1988 by other types, and in 2018 converted to the “tree-shrub vegetation” type, occupy 8665 ha. On the one hand, there is a positive trend in the conservation and increase in the area of tree-shrub plantings. But this is not characteristic of the entire urban district, but mainly of the forests of the Ufa urban forestry, which are located mainly on the outskirts, around the central part of the city. For intracity tree-shrub plantings that are not related to the forest fund and located in the built-up part of the city, stable negative dynamics and a change in other types of underlying surface are characteristic.

The research assessed an impact of the underground gold mining (GM) on snow cover, surface and ground water of the industrial site and the adjacent area. It has been established that the water of observation wells located downstream the terrain contains specific pollutants typical for the GM technology. The snow cover contains dust, heavy metals, arsenic and some light organochlorine compounds, which are components of GM solutions. The article also gives recommendations on monitoring and assessment of the environmental impact of the PoE technology.

Перспективы естественного возобновления защитных лесных насаждений Башкирского Предуралья

Введение. В условиях потепления климата для территориального планирования необходима актуальная информация о потенциальной производительности лесов. Цель исследования – определить потенциальную продуктивность древостоев липы мелколистной (Tilia cordata Mill.) со следующими задачами: 1) оценить потенциальную продуктивность лесов в зависимости от климатического градиента; 2) проверить соответствие потенциальной продуктивности древостоев фактической производительности; 3) оценить потенциальную продуктивность с учётом разных климатических показателей. Объекты и методы. Для расчёта использована традиционная модель потенциальной продуктивности лесов с применением индекса климатической продуктивности растительности CVP Патерсона. Описана методология и расчёт индекса CVP на основе климатических переменных, таких как среднемесячная температура самого тёплого месяца, разность между средней температурой самого тёплого и холодного месяцев, продолжительность вегетационного периода, коэффициент снижения эвапотранспирации. Использовались климатические временные ряды для пяти лесничеств Республики Башкортостан. Результаты. За последние 102 года в центральной части республики среднегодовая температура увеличилась на 2,0 °C, а количество осадков на 14 %. Индекс CVP по годам демонстрирует устойчивый линейный тренд роста для всех лесничеств. Это привело к увеличению усреднённой потенциальной продуктивности лесов с 3,1 до 3,7 м3га-1год-1. Данные о потенциальной продуктивности лесов и среднего прироста липняков за 2023 год показали схожие результаты. Анализ двух подходов к использованию коэффициента снижения эвапотранспирации подтвердил целесообразность использования модифицированного коэффициента инсоляции вместо простого учёта солнечной радиации. Выводы. Древостои липы в условиях изменения климата демонстрируют тенденции к изменению потенциальной продуктивности как во временном, так и пространственном аспектах. Понимание этих тенденций позволит моделировать состояние лесов и их адаптационные возможности при различных сценариях изменения климата на восточной границе ареала. Introduction. In recent decades, climate warming has accelerated significantly and has had a significant impact on forest productivity and distribution. In this situation, up-to-date information on potential forest productivity is needed for territorial planning in order to increase the productivity of tree species and adapt them to new conditions. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential productivity of stands of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) with the following tasks: (1) to assess the potential productivity of forests depending on the climatic gradient, (2) to verify the correspondence of the potential productivity of stands to actual productivity, and (3) to assess potential productivity taking into account different climatic indicators. Materials and methods. The traditional model of potential forest productivity has been calculated using Paterson's CVP (Climate, Vegetation and Productivity) index. The methodology and calculation of the CVP index are based on climatic variables, such as the average monthly temperature of the warmest month, the difference between the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, the growing season duration, and the evapotranspiration reduction coefficient. The study used climatic time series for five forestry districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Results and discussion. Over the past 102 years, the average annual temperature in the central part of the republic (Ufa forest district) has increased by 2.0 °C and the amount of precipitation rose by 14 %. Changes in the CVP index over the years demonstrate the presence of an increasing linear trend for all forestry areas. Thus, in the case of the Ufa forest district, the mean value of the CVP index over 102 years has increased from 95 to 130. Accordingly, the average potential forest productivity has grown from 3.1 to 3.7 m3ha-1year-1. The data on the potential forest productivity and the average increment of linden forests, according to statistical reporting for 2023, showed similar results. A comparison of the calculated values of potential productivity with the data on...