The key objective of this paper is to develop a photovoltaic (PV) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on particle swarm optimization–butterfly optimization algorithm (PSO-BOA) that is adapted for partial shading conditions (PSCs). Generally, conventional MPPT techniques are often unable to accurately locate the global maximum power point (GMPP) generated by partial shading in PV systems. As a result, a significant decrease in power output occurs. The traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm traps the local maxima point easily, while the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) has slow convergence speed and large oscillations during its use in research. To address the limitations of the aforementioned PSO and BOA algorithms, the MPPT strategy of PV systems combining PSO-BOA is presented, which can ameliorate the efficiency and accuracy in PSCs. In this paper, the control parameter of sensory modality in the BOA can be acquired based on logistic mapping, and the self-adaptive adjustment of the inertial weight of the PSO algorithm is designed. According to the simulation findings, the suggested method is more suitable than PSO and BOA with respect to intricate shading-induced variations in irradiance and changes in external temperatures. The average tracking time is less than 0.5 s, and the tracking accuracy is not less than 99.94%. Especially under sudden variations in irradiance and temperature conditions, the tracking time of the PSO-BOA algorithm is only 49.70% of that of the PSO algorithm and 55.63% of that of the BOA. Therefore, the MPPT method presented has the ability to improve the oscillations and result in less convergence speed, which in turn accurately tracks the GMPP.