Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is intricately linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities through gut-brain axis dysregulation. This study demonstrates that resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol, alleviates DSS-induced colitis-associated anxiety and depression by reprogramming the microbiota─metabolite-barrier network. RSV (100 mg/kg/day) ameliorated DSS-associated anxiety-like behaviors in open field tests (peripheral zone time ↓12.6%, P< 0.0001) and depression-like phenotypes (TST immobility ↓31.0%, P = 0.0004). It restored colonic barrier integrity via ZO-1 mRNA upregulation (↑80.4%, P < 0.0001) and PAS score recovery (↑29.6%, P < 0.0001), while reducing systemic inflammation (serum LPS ↓31.9%, TNF-α ↓29.9%; P < 0.0001) vs. DSS. Crucially, RSV attenuated neuroinflammation by enhancing brain ZO-1 protein expression (↑146.1%, P = 0.0016), suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling (TLR4 mRNA ↓68.8%, MyD88 protein ↓48.8%; P < 0.05), and promoting M2 microglial polarization (CD206 protein ↑171.9%, P = 0.0003) vs. DSS. Multi-omics integration revealed RSV’s dual regulatory mechanism: ① Suppression of the pro-inflammatory Turicibacter4-guanidinobutanoic acid axis (↓42% and ↓37%, respectively; P < 0.01), disrupting LPS─TLR4─MyD88 cascades; ② Enrichment of barrier-protective Muribaculum (↑419%) and Dubosiella (↑208%), driving polyamine synthesis (spermidine ↑92%, spermine ↑38%) vs. DSS to reinforce gut-brain barriers. Spearman correlations confirmed Turicibacter-4-guanidinobutanoic acid-LPS-MyD88 interactions(r = 0.658-0.865) and Dubosiella-spermine-ZO-1 associations (r = 0.539-0.725). Conclusions: These findings establish RSV as a microbiota-metabolite modulator that redirects arginine metabolism from a pro-inflammatory bypass to polyamine-mediated barrier repair, offering novel therapeutic strategies for IBD-related neuropsychiatric complications. The integrated "microbe-metabolite-neuroimmune" axis provides mechanistic insights into gut-brain crosstalk, emphasizing dual-barrier restoration as a critical intervention node. Resveratrol (RSV) alleviates psychiatric comorbidities in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice by inhibiting the "Turicibacter-4-Guanidinobutanoic Acid-MyD88" axis and activating the "Muribaculum/Dubosiella-polyamine-ZO-1" repair axis. This results in the restoration of gut-brain barrier integrity, reduction of inflammation, and regulation of microglial M2 polarization. • Dual-axis intervention: Resveratrol suppresses the Turicibacter-4-guanidinobutanoic acid-MyD88 pro-inflammatory cascade and activates the Muribaculum/Dubosiella-polyamine-ZO-1 repair axis, restoring gut-brain homeostasis. • First evidence linking microbial arginine metabolism reprogramming to coordinated gut-brain barrier repair and microglial M2 polarization. • Translational paradigm: Identifies microbiota-driven metabolic rewiring as a therapeutic strategy for IBD-associated neuropsychiatric disorders.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management remains challenging due to limited preventive strategies and the low bioavailability of therapeutic agents like resveratrol (RSV). While RSV exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, its preventive potential via gut microbiome modulation remains unexplored. A murine colitis model was established using 2.5% DSS, with mice randomized into control (CON), DSS, therapeutic RSV treatment (RSV), and preventive RSV treatment (PRE) groups. Clinical outcomes, intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory cytokines, macrophage polarization, TLR4/NF-κB signaling, and gut microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing) were systematically evaluated. Preventive RSV (PRE) outperformed therapeutic RSV across all metrics. PRE attenuated colitis severity by 51.4% (weight loss, P < 0.001 vs. RSV) and restored mucosal architecture (P = 0.048 vs. DSS). Mechanistically, PRE normalized barrier function via transcriptional (ZO-1: 56.7% of CON; Occludin: 14-fold induction vs. DSS) and protein-level recovery (ZO-1: 96.5% of CON, P = 0.02), suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α: 80.8%; IL-6: 69.9%; IL-18: >96%, P < 0.001 vs. DSS), and promoted M2 macrophage polarization (CD206: 1.7-fold vs. CON, P = 0.02) through TLR4/NF-κB inhibition (53% TLR4 reduction vs. 15% with RSV, P < 0.001). Despite comparable α-diversity between RSV and PRE, PRE uniquely enriched barrier-protective taxa (Lactococcus, Muribaculum) and restored microbial amino acid biosynthesis. Crucially, PRE’s efficacy despite low systemic bioavailability implicated microbiome-mediated “luminal priming” as its primary mechanism. This study redefines preventive RSV as a microbial ecosystem engineer that preemptively fortifies the gut against inflammation via microbiome-immune-metabolic crosstalk. By prioritizing ecological prevention over symptom suppression, our findings offer a transformative “food as medicine” strategy for IBD, highlighting RSV’s potential as a chronotherapeutic agent to reshape clinical paradigms.

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) orally once daily from Day 0 to Day 14. Mice in RSV were treated with 100 mg/ kg of RSV, suspended in 0.5% CMC, administered orally once daily from Day 0 to Day 14, starting at the time of DSS induction. The PRE received the same RSV dosage and vehicle, but the treatment began 7 days prior to DSS induction (from Day-7 to Day 14). To induce colitis, all mice in DSS, RSV, and PRE were given 2.5% DSS in drinking water from Day 0 to Day 7.".