Soybean is an important crop due to its multiple uses but also due to its agronomic advantages. Regardless of the agrotechnical system practiced, in the success of the crop, a very important role is represented by weed control. Soybeans are sensitive to infestation with weeds both at the early stages of growing season until the plants cover the soil, but also to maturity after the leaves fall. A soil tillage system applied, through its effect on the soil and on weed control, influences the soybean crop. This paper presents the evolution of soybean crop weeds and soybean yield under the influence of soil tillage systems (conventional, minimum tillage and no tillage) and climatic conditions from 2017 to 2021. The soil’s mobilization by plowing significantly reduces the infestation with weeds, especially the perennial ones. Reducing the intensity of the soil tillage system and the depth of tillage causes an increase in the amount of weeding and, especially, perennial weeds. This determines a lower production of soybean crop by 23–243 kg ha⁻¹ in the minimum tillage system and by 675 kg ha⁻¹ in the no-tillage system, compared to the conventional system. Differentiation of the weed control strategy is required depending on the soil tillage system.

Presented research was carried out in 2021 and 2022 on the Felix soybean variety at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, located in the Transylvanian Plain, Romania. In this experiment, complex fertilizer NPK 20:20:0 was applied as a basic fertilizer in a dose of 200 kg ha⁻¹ at the sowing stage, to which foliar fertilizer Agro Argentum Forte treatment was added in different doses and at different application stages. The main purpose of the study was to identify the suitable stages of foliar application in soybean cultivation for effective vegetative development, yield, and quality purposes. The impacts of the fertilization system and the climatic conditions on the physiological parameters, assimilation, yield, and quality were evaluated. Technology showed that the physiological parameters were positively influenced, following the foliar fertilization with Agro Argentum Forte, with average assimilation values recorded above 23.0 μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹ in the year 2021 and 22.4 μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹ in the year 2022. Soybean crop was influenced by climatic conditions and the application of foliar fertilizers in different phases of growth and development, obtaining higher yields, as well as higher protein and oil content. The soybean yield and quality indices (protein, oil, and mass of a thousand seeds) were higher in 2021 than in 2022 for the variants treated with foliar fertilizers compared to the control, resulting in an improvement in seed quality in 2021 with a yield of 3560 kg ha⁻¹, while 2022 saw a lower yield of 1805 kg ha⁻¹. The application of basic mineral fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization had a significantly positive impact on the quality indicators of soybean seeds. The highest yields were achieved when the foliar treatment was applied in the early pod formation stage.

Agronomic systems that can guarantee consistent and sufficient crop yields must be developed and implemented in order to address the problems presented by climate change, especially the increase in average annual temperatures and the unequal distribution of precipitation. Over the course of five successive growing seasons (2019–2024), a Poly-Factorial field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Turda, Romania, which is situated in the hilly region of the Transylvanian Plain. The study investigated the combined effects of soil tillage system (conventional tillage—CS; no-tillage—NT) and fertilization strategies (N₄₈P₄₈K₄₈ at sowing vs. N₄₈P₄₈K₄₈ at sowing + N₄₀.₅CaO₁₀.₅MgO₇ applied in early spring at the growth resumption) on the quantitative and qualitative performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results showed a modest yield difference of 206 kg ha⁻¹ between the two tillage systems, favoring conventional tillage. However, the application of additional early-spring fertilization resulted in a significant average yield increase of 338 kg ha⁻¹. Yield variability across the five years ranged from 262 to 1797 kg ha⁻¹, highlighting the strong influence of climatic conditions on crop performance and emphasizing the need for adaptive management practices under changing environmental conditions.

Soybean can play an important role in securing the European protein resources. Transylvania Plain is a very favourable area for soybean crop. To optimise the crop management in these conditions, thirteen soybean cultivars (9 created at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda and 4 of foreign origin) were studied with different plant densities and row spacing, in the specific environment of Transylvanian Plain. The yield increased by increasing the plant density up to 60 germinating seeds m-2, after which yield declined at the highest plant density. 60 g.s. m-2 plant population recorded the highest positive significant differences (approximately 10%), as compared to the average of all tested plant densities. The distance of 25 cm between rows produced a significantly higher yield as compared with the average of the trial. The climatic conditions influenced very significantly the yield variation (55.95%) while the genotypes, plant populations, and distances between rows had a statistically significantly lower influence (8.72%, 4.42% and 1.57%) compared to the effect of climatic conditions. The interaction between genotype and plant density contributed significantly (2.26%) to grain yield per unit area, while the interaction between plant density and row spacing had a statistically not significant effect of 1.09%).

In recent years, unconventional tillage systems have also experienced a significant expansion in Romanian agriculture. In this context, it was considered appropriate to analyze the impact of the tillage system (conventional-plowed) and conservative tillage (direct seeding), on the degree of soil compaction, water reserve and soybean yield, in a three-year rotation (maize-soybean-wheat). The study was designed and conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Turda and included the following experimental factors: Factor A - tillage system: conventional (plow - SC) and conservative (direct sowing - NT); Factor B - fertilization: unfertilized control and basic fertilization (N40P40); Factor C - varieties: Felix and Iris TD. Soybean yield was influenced by the local climatic conditions, the applied agricultural technology and, last but not least, the genetic potential of the varieties. Results indicated that on chernozemic soils with high clay content, soybeans responded less favorably to no-till systems, suggesting that deeper tillage is required to achieve high yields in these soil types.

Increasing climate variability is placing growing pressure on cereal production systems, highlighting the need to identify stable and resilient genotypes for sustainable crop production. This study evaluated phenotypic variability, grain yield, yield stability and grain-quality traits in 25 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. distichon (L.) Körn.) genotypes, including varieties and advanced breeding lines, under contrasting agro-ecological conditions in Romania. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (2024–2025) at Turda and Fundulea using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The evaluated agronomic, phenological, and quality traits included plant height, heading and flowering time, thousand-kernel weight, grain yield, and grain protein and starch contents. The effects of year, location, genotype and their interactions were analyzed, and GGE biplot analysis was used to examine genotype performance and stability across environments. Across the 300 plot-level observations, grain yield ranged from 1631 to 7730 kg ha⁻¹, with an overall mean of 5283 kg ha⁻¹ and a descriptive CV of 21.99%, reflecting overall variability across the dataset rather than experimental error. Year and genotype significantly affected all evaluated traits, while location significantly affected all traits except plant height. For grain yield, protein content, starch content, thousand-kernel weight, heading time, and flowering time, all main effects and interactions were significant (p < 0.001). For plant height, the location effect was not significant, whereas year, genotype, and the interaction terms were significant. Mean grain yield ranged from 4149 kg ha⁻¹ at Fundulea in 2024 to 6364 kg ha⁻¹ at Turda in 2025. Grain yield was strongly negatively correlated with protein content (r = −0.832, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with thousand-kernel weight (r = 0.767, p < 0.001). Ioana had the highest grain yield in three of the four environments and the highest thousand-kernel weight in all four environments, while also showing early heading and flowering in three environments. In the AEC analysis, To 2112-21 showed a more stable yield response across the four tested environments, whereas Ioana was characterized primarily by high yield performance. These findings identify promising barley germplasm for further multi-environment evaluation and breeding for productive, adaptable spring barley under variable growing conditions in central and southeastern Romania.