Hydrogen is regarded as an ideal energy carrier to cope with the energy crisis and environmental problems due to its high energy density, cleanliness, and renewability. Although there are several primary methods of industrial hydrogen production, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainably green method for the preparation of hydrogen which has attracted considerable attention. However, this technique is characterized by slow reaction kinetics and high energy potential owing to lack of electrocatalysts with cost-effective and high performance which impedes its scale-up. To address this issue, various studies have focused on electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER due to their excellent electron and mass transport, high specific surface area, as well as high porosity and flexibility. To further advance their development, recent progress of highly efficient HER electrospun electrocatalysts is reviewed. Initially, the characteristics of potential high-performance electrocatalysts for HER are elucidated. Subsequently, the advantages of utilizing electrospinning technology for the preparation of electrocatalysts are summarized. Then, the classification of electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER are analyzed, including metal-based electrospun electrocatalyst (noble metals and alloys, transition metals, and alloys), metal–non-metal electrocatalysts (metal sulfide-based electrocatalysts, metal oxide-based electrocatalysts, metal phosphide-based electrocatalysts, metal nitride-based electrocatalysts, and metal carbide-based electrocatalysts), metal-free electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts, and hybrid electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts. Following this, enhancement strategies for electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts are discussed. Finally, current challenges and the future research directions of electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER are concluded.