Green and low carbon automated production has become a research hotspot. In this paper, the AGV transport resource constraint, machine layout and job setup time have been integrated into the background of a flexible job shop. From a whole life-cycle perspective, the AGV allocation strategy has been formulated by simulating multiple scenarios within the production system. Aimed at makespan, carbon footprint, and machine load, a green low-carbon flexible job shop scheduling model with multiple transport equipment (GFJSP-MT) has been constructed. To address this problem, a relevant case dataset was formed, and a heuristic strategy NSGA-II using a real number encoded embedded cycle to replace repeated individuals was proposed. Through longitudinal and horizontal comparisons, the effectiveness of the AGV allocation strategy has been verified and the optimum number of AGVs in the case determined. Finally the quality and diversity of the Pareto frontier solutions are compared and the scheduling scheme for each sub-objective are discussed. The results show that the model and algorithm constructed in this paper can effectively achieve the optimal scheduling of green flexible shop production.

In the product–service system, variations in the service capabilities of equipment manufacturing enterprises (EMEs) and equipment operating enterprises (EOEs) will change the coopetition relationship. Firstly, this study develops an evolutionary game model to analyze how the relationship between EMEs and EOEs evolves. And then MATLAB simulations are used to examine the factors influencing their coopetitive strategies. Finally, key findings include (1) the variations of market service demand and technology diffusion revenue drive strategy evolution; (2) the unilateral cooperation cost presents the law of diminishing marginal effect, especially on EOEs; (3) an optimal profit distribution ratio exists, which has the most impact on the probability of cooperation. This study informs coopetitive development and decision-making in the service-oriented transformation of the manufacturing industry.