To evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on respiratory function and fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across five electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, Scopus) from inception through 31 August 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (quasi-RCTs) that enrolled adults with MS who underwent isolated RMT (inspiratory, expiratory, or combined) for a duration of ≥ 4 weeks were included. Primary outcomes included respiratory function (e.g., maximal inspiratory pressure [MIP], maximal expiratory pressure [MEP], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC]) and fatigue (evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS] or Modified Fatigue Impact Scale [MFIS]). Data were synthesized using random- or fixed-effects models, with results expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifteen RCTs, comprising a total of 433 participants, were included. Meta-analysis revealed that RMT significantly enhanced respiratory muscle strength (MEP: SMD = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.45, p = 0.03; MIP: SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.65, p < 0.001) and pulmonary function (FEV1: SMD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.58, p < 0.001; FVC: SMD = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.43, p = 0.02). Significant reductions in fatigue were observed across all subscales of the MFIS (physical: SMD = -1.00, 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.46, p < 0.001; cognitive: SMD = -0.54, 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.03, p = 0.04; psychosocial: SMD = -0.88, 95% CI: -1.41 to -0.35, p < 0.001; total: SMD = -0.98, 95% CI: -1.52 to -0.43, p < 0.001). However, no significant improvement was observed on the FSS (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI: -1.10 to 0.33, p = 0.29). RMT may serve as an effective intervention for improving respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, and functional fatigue in individuals with MS. Nonetheless, its effect on perceived fatigue severity appears limited. These findings support the incorporation of RMT into MS rehabilitation programs. Further robust studies with standardized training protocols are warranted to confirm its long-term benefits.

Nighttime sports participation has become a flexible option for individuals with limited daytime exercise opportunities, yet continued participation may depend on environmental, social, and psychological factors. Guided by social ecology theory (SET) and expectation confirmation theory (ECT), this study examined the associations of environmental appraisal (EA) and social support (SS) with intention to participate (ITP) in nighttime sports through perceived benefits (PB), degree of confirmation (DC), and satisfaction level (SL), while also considering the role of expectation (EX). A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in seven provinces and municipalities in China in December 2024. A total of 4032 valid responses were analyzed. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model, and indirect pathways were examined using bias-corrected bootstrapping with 5000 resamples. EA and SS were significantly associated with PB. PB, EX, EA, and SS were significantly associated with DC. DC was significantly associated with SL, and SL was significantly associated with ITP. Bootstrap analyses further supported the serial indirect pathways linking EA and SS to ITP through PB, DC, and SL. EA and SS were statistically associated with ITP in nighttime sports through PB, DC, and SL. These findings support a contextual-cognitive-affective pathway and suggest that continued nighttime sports participation is related not only to external environmental and social resources, but also to individuals' cognitive evaluation and satisfaction with their participation experiences.

Background: Life Kinetics training, a multimodal intervention integrating coordinated motor tasks with cognitive challenges, has been proposed as a method to enhance neurocognitive and sport-specific performance. This study examined the effects of an 18-session Life Kinetics program on concentration, working memory, and service performance in junior and intermediate badminton athletes. Methods: Forty athletes (20 junior, 20 intermediate) were included in the final analysis following random allocation to Life Kinetics or control groups. The intervention group performed Life Kinetics training in addition to regular badminton practice for six weeks, while the control group maintained standard training. Outcomes included concentration (Concentration Grid Test), working memory (Digit Span Test), and short- and long-service performance. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA to assess Group × Time (pre–post) effects, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant Group × Time interaction effects were observed for concentration (F(1, 38) = 152.40, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.80), working memory (F(1, 38) = 168.70, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.82), short-service performance (F(1, 38) = 181.20, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.83), and long-service performance (F(1, 38) = 210.50, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.85). The Life Kinetics group demonstrated substantial improvements across all outcomes, whereas the control group showed minimal changes. Improvements were observed in both junior and intermediate athletes, with variations across outcomes. Exploratory EEG observations suggested a shift toward higher-frequency spectral activity following the intervention. Conclusions: Life Kinetics training was associated with significant improvements in cognitive function and service performance in badminton athletes. These findings support the integration of cognitive–motor training into athlete development programs. However, EEG findings should be interpreted cautiously due to methodological limitations, and future research using larger samples and advanced neuroimaging techniques is warranted.