In this paper, a new smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS) technique is proposed. It monitors a three phase electrical system using an Arduino platform as a microcontroller to read the voltage and current from sensors and then wirelessly send the measured data to monitor the results using a new Android application. The integrated SVCMS design uses an Arduino Nano V3.0 as the microcontroller to measure the results from three voltage and three current sensors and then send this data, after calculation, to the Android smartphone device of an end user using Bluetooth HC-05. The Arduino Nano V3.0 controller and Bluetooth HC-05 are a cheap microcontroller and wireless device, respectively. The new Android smartphone application that monitors the voltage and current measurements uses the open source MIT App Inventor 2 software. It allows for monitoring some elementary fundamental voltage power quality properties. An effort has been made to investigate what is possible using available off-the-shelf components and open source software.

This article developed a coupled inductor balancing method to overcome cell voltage variation among cells in series, for Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electrical Vehicles (EV). For an "eight cells in series" example, the developed balance circuit has four inductors, one magnetic circuit with one winding per two cells, and one control switch per cell, as compared to the traditional inductor-based equalizer that needs N-1 inductors and magnetic circuits for N number of cells and more switches. Therefore, ultimately, a more efficient, cost-effective circuit and low bill of materials (BOM) will be built up. All switches are logic-level N-Channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and they are controlled by a pair of complementary signals in a synchronous trigger pattern. In the proposed topology, less components and fast equalization are achieved compared to the conventional battery management system (BMS) technique for electrical vehicles based on the inductor balancing method. This scheme is suitable for fast equalization due to the inductor-based balancing method. The inductors are made with a well-chosen winding ratio and all are coupled with one magnetic core with an air gap. Theoretical derivation of the proposed circuit was well-presented, and numerical simulation relevant to the electrochemical storage devices was conducted to show the validity of the proposed balance circuit. A complete balance circuit was built to verify that the proposed circuit could resolve imbalance problems which existed inside battery modules.

In this paper, a $\acute{\mathrm{c}}$ uk converter balancing method by using a coupled inductor for lithium based batteries is investigated. The proposed circuit is an active balancing circuit that will equalize eight battery cells in a series. In electrical vehicles (EV), a battery management system (BMS) is a vital task to achieve the best performance of the batteries and longer lifetime. The problem of voltage difference in a battery pack is an important issue to be improved. To overcome the voltage differences in battery string, an equalizing method is mandatory. The conventional $\acute{\mathrm{c}}$ uk converter requires 2(n − 1) switches to balance n cells, while the proposed circuit requires only n switches for n cells in series. In addition, the proposed developed topology uses coupled inductors instead of un-coupled inductors, unlike the traditional $\acute{\mathrm{c}}$ uk converter balancing method. Since the $\acute{\mathrm{c}}$ uk balancing transfers the energy among two adjacent cells, it requires a proportionately long equalization time particularly for long string battery packs, but the coupled inductor $\acute{\mathrm{c}}$ uk converter type overcomes this problem. The switches are N-channel metal-oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) to achieve lower drain-source on-resistance, R ${}_{DS\left(on\right)}$ , and less voltage drop as compared to the P-channels. The switches are triggered by complementary signals. The coupled inductor is made in such a way to hold the same magnetizing inductance. It can be done by using five wires in one hand. The circuit contains five inductors, one magnetic core, with five winding for eight cells, and one capacitor for two cells. Therefore, the overall circuitry and complexity of the circuit are reduced, resulting in a more cost-effective and easy to implement circuit. The system also does not demand complicated control for battery equalizing. The experimental circuit was implemented and simulation results were obtained to confirm the validity of the proposed system.

The nature of losses in ferrites has not been fully revealed yet. To achieve means for further investigation of ferrite core loss due to electric (E) field, we investigated the response of middle and side legs, cut from commercially available PQ core halves, to an applied E-field, by injecting a sine wave current in the samples. Using conventional laboratory instruments, we did impedance measurements in a wide frequency range (133 Hz-50 MHz) at temperatures that are typical for power electronics (25, 85, 100, and 120 °C). In this paper, we discuss a procedure for the extraction of intrinsic ac conductivity and dielectric constant of ferrites through an equivalent electrical circuit model based on the measured impedances. The examined material is of grade N87. The measurements show a clear influence of the investigated shapes. The results obtained start to deviate from “true” electrical properties at about 1 MHz. It appeared also that the inspected ferrites exhibit different conductivities and dielectric constants depending on the core of origin. It is obvious then that core shape, size, and production batch all have an impact on the core losses, which appear to be influenced by the E-field even at frequencies below 1 MHz.

In this paper, an active cell equalization technique based on Ćuk converter balancing for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries is investigated. The circuit equalizes eight cells, which are connected in series in a battery pack. In Electrical Vehicles (EV), batteries act an important role, due to the fact that the most expense in EV is the cost of the batteries. In a battery pack, voltage differences always exist due to charging and discharging process, Therefore, a balancing circuit required to ensure that all cells are in the same voltage level. There are many balancing methods, among them Ćuk converter balancing has fast balancing time. The conventional Ćuk type uses (2n-1) switches while this proposed circuit requires (n) switches, thus the number of switches is reduced and provides less losses. The simulation results are accomplished to perform the viability of the system.