установлены химические, минералогические, гранулометрические и структурно-морфологические характеристики бентонитовых глин Нальчикского месторождения. Элементный состав содержит В (следовые количества), Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe. Выявлено, что минералогический состав исследуемой глины сложен монтмориллонитом, клиноптилолитом и низкотемпературным тригональным кварцем. Содержание монтмориллонита 53.0 ± 1.1 масс.%. Максимальный размер частиц составляет 198.7-210.1 мкм, доля таких частиц – 0.69 масс.%. Минимальный размер частиц 0.6-0.9 мкм, доля таких частиц – 1.22 масс.%. По результатам дифференциально-термического анализа зафиксированы 4 эндоэффекта, суммарная потеря массы при прокаливании образца – 16.5 %, с учётом потери свободной воды – 9.5 масс.%. Исследованы адсорбционные характеристики анализируемого бентонита с помощью «модельных» загрязнителей – катионов никеля (II) и красителя метиленового голубого. Установлено, что изотерма адсорбции ионов никеля (II) относится к классу L типу 3, а изотерма адсорбции метиленового голубого относится к классу L типу 2 по классификации Гильса. По результатам исследования показано, что бентонитовая глина Нальчикского месторождения способна отчистить сточные воды до предельно допустимой концентрации катионных загрязнителей. Цели: исследовать вещественный состав и адсорбционные свойства бентонитовой глины Нальчикского месторождения. Методы. Для определения элементного, фазового и гранулометрического состава, применялось следующее оборудование: просвечивающий электронный микроскоп JEM-2100 (Jeol, Япония), дифрактометр Ultima IV (Rigaku, Япония), совмещенный анализатор ТГ/ДТГ/ДТА SDT Q600 (TA Instruments, Inc., США), анализатор размера частиц Microtrac S3500 (США), а также приборы и реактивы лабораторного назначения. Результаты. Установлен минералогический состав образца глины Нальчикского месторождения; определено массовое содержание монтмориллонита. Изучен гранулометрический состав. Исследованы адсорбционные процессы образца глины по отношению к органическому красителю метиленовому голубому и ионам никеля (II). Выводы.Установлен минералогический состав образца глины Нальчикского месторождения: монтмориллонит, клиноптилолит и низкотемпературный тригональный кварц. Содержание монтмориллонита составляет 53.0 ± 1.1 масс.%. Максимальный размер частиц фракции в исследуемом образце глины – 198.7˗210.1 мкм, доля таких частиц – 0,69 масс.%. Минимальный размер частиц фракции 0.6-0.9 мкм, доля частиц – 1.22 масс.%. Исследованы адсорбционные процессы образца глины по отношению к органическому красителю метиленовому голубому и ионам никеля (II). Показано, что глина Нальчикского месторождения способна отчистить сточные воды от указанных катионных загрязнителей до нормативных требований. chemical, mineralogical, granulometric and structural-morphological characteristics of bentonite clays of the Nalchik deposit have been established. The elemental composition contains B (trace amounts), Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe. It has been revealed that the mineralogical composition of the studied clay is complex of montmorillonite, clinoptilolite and low-temperature trigonal quartz. The montmorillonite content is 53.0 ± 1.1 wt.%. The maximum particle size is 198.7-210.1 μm, the proportion of such particles is 0.69 wt.%. The minimum particle size is 0.6-0.9 μm, the proportion of such particles is 1.22 wt.%. According to the results of differential thermal analysis, 4 endoeffects were recorded, the total mass loss on sample calcination was 16.5%, taking into account the loss of free water - 9.5 wt.%. The adsorption characteristics of the analyzed bentonite were studied using “model” pollutants – nickel (II) cations and methylene blue dye. It was found that the adsorption isotherm of nickel (II) ions belongs to class L type 3, and...

Belgorod Region is one of the main agro-industrial regions of Russia. The volume of production in the livestock sector in 2022 amounted to 203 billion rubles. Most often, livestock farms are located near agricultural land with plant crops, which increases the risk of contamination of the latter with various toxicants. The purpose of this work was to study and assess the contamination with heavy metal ions and toxic chemicals of the soils of agricultural lands and nearby reservoirs in the Prokhorovsky district of the Belgorod region. Watercress (Lepidium sativum) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna Straus) are bioindicators.

Finding alternatives to antimicrobials in poultry farming is crucial to ensuring biosafety and food quality for humans. The purpose of this article was to provide a comprehensive description of thymus development in chicks of a hybrid egg-laying breed in the early postnatal period and to evaluate the effect of probiotics and antibiotics on this process. Materials and methods. The research focused on Hisex Brown cockerels (n = 100) from day 1 to day 20 of life fed on 4 different diets: standard diet (control), diet with a probiotic, diet with an antibiotic (enrofloxacin) and diet with their combination. Chicks’ thymus was studied using macroscopic morphometry and light microscopy. Results. The research demonstrated a significant increase in thymus weight in all the experimental groups compared to the control. In animals treated with a probiotic microorganism, by day 20 the histoarchitectonics in the thymus had become more complicated, with a clear delineation of the regions, formation of Hassal’s corpuscles, and developed vascularization of the medulla as well as a significant increase in the relative area of the medulla (up to 43.40 %). The group that was given enrofloxacin showed less pronounced changes: the relative area of the medulla on day 20 was 40.76 %, which was virtually the same as in the control group (40.73 %). In the group that received enrofloxacin and a probiotic, by day 20 the relative area of the medulla had increased statistically significantly and reached 46.5 %. The dynamics of the relative areas of the cortex and medulla in the thymus of Hisex Brown chicks demonstrates a strong influence of the diet on the development of this organ. In the control group, we observed a stable but low development of the medulla, with the predominance of the cortex, which may indicate insufficient stimulation of the immune function on a standard diet. The groups that received a probiotic microorganism demonstrated a significant increase in the relative area of the medulla and a decrease in the area of the cortex. This emphasizes the positive effect of the diets with probiotics on the development of the thymus, which may improve the functional activity of this organ and the body’s immune response.

It is known that the immobilization of microorganisms on carriers of various natures increases their safety. The inorganic matrices used were sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, technical brand “KMC 85/500;” colloidal silicon dioxide in the form of a commercial preparation, “Polysorb;” and the sodium form of montmorillonite from the Podgorenskoye deposit in the Voronezh region. Bacterial cells were immobilized by adding Lysobacter sp. solid sterile carrier with constant mechanical stirring in a “carrier/biomass” ratio equal to 1: (2–4). During the experiment, it was found that the mineral montmorillonite is a promising material for the immobilization of bacterial cells in order to obtain biocompositions based on them, since a positive trend in the preservation of bacterial cells was revealed.

Background: Today, the urgent tasks of feeding cattle is to increase milk yield, increase the fat content in milk, and improve the quality of other animal products. However, the recommended amount of fat is not enough during calving and during lactation of cows. This leads to the fact that the fat content of milk is reduced by 30%. The aim of the study : To study the behavior of encapsulated fats in model media corresponding to the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Materials and methods: The study was conducted by direct gravimetric analysis using a Programix TX 50 muffle furnace. As model media for the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, standard pH titers were used, adjusted to the required pH value with 0.1 M solutions of hydrochloric acid/sodium hydroxide. Results: After analyzing the data obtained, it was found that in a slightly alkaline medium (pH range 7.4–7.8), the time for complete release of phospholipids is 12 hours. During experiment No. 2, the behavior of “protected fats” was revealed in model environments corresponding to physiological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. The equivalent amount of phosphorus to phospholipids was 11.90%, which corresponds to a proportion of the liberated phospholipids of higher fatty acids equal to 97.30%. Conclusion: “Protected fats” reach the model environment of the small intestines of ruminants in an unchanged form, where capsule disintegration is observed, followed by the release of the phospholipid mixture. Full release of the encapsulated mixture in a slightly alkaline medium (pH 7.4–7.8) is achieved within 12 hours.

This study describes the biotechnological significance of the by-product obtained in the production of milk products in the food industry.