Outbreaks of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), present significant challenges to global fruit production, necessitating effective control measures that minimize environmental risks and pesticide resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of four distinct push–pull control strategies for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks in a Nephelium lappaceum orchard. These strategies involved the inclusion of low-concentration abamectin, spraying repellent with a drone or manually, using methyl eugenol (ME) or food bait and employing either two types of attractants and repellents or a single type. The findings indicated that incorporating the low-concentration abamectin into the push–pull system, utilizing ME as an attractant instead of food lures and manually applying abamectin and attractants were all effective in reducing the B. dorsalis population size and minimizing fruit damage. While increasing the diversity of repellents and attractants enhanced the long-term effectiveness of the system, it did not result in a significant decrease in B. dorsalis population size or fruit damage rate compared to using a single repellent or attractant. In conclusion, the push–pull strategy emerged as a viable method for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks, offering potential benefits in reducing environmental risks and pesticide resistance. However, the study underscored the importance of the context-specific construction of push–pull strategies to optimize their effectiveness in orchard settings.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (B. dorsalis) is an important agricultural invasive pest that causes significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical fruit and vegetable crops. In this study, the proteins related to the sense of smell and taste of B. dorsalis, such as OBP, PBP, OR, IR, SNMP and CSP, were screened based on B. dorsalis transcriptome data. By integrating the compounds that were reported to be attractive to B. dorsalis, similar compounds of hydrocarbon compounds were obtained. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding between the similar compounds and the OBP, PBP, OR, IR, SNMP and CSP proteins. Network pharmacology was used to screen the potentially attractive compounds, and ecological experiments with B. dorsalis were finally conducted to verify the effect of these potentially attractive compounds on B. dorsalis. The results showed that the G protein-coupled receptor [BR: KO04030] and ion channel [BR: KO04040] pathways were closely related to the odor tropism of B. dorsalis. A total of 84 compounds, such as mitemcinal, exemestane and midecamycin, have potential binding effects on the B. dorsalis odor receptor proteins. The results of the ecological experiments showed that 1 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL 19-norandrostenedione, 1 mg/mL progesterone compounds was significantly attractive to B. dorsalis males, while 0.1 mg/mL exemestane was significantly attractive to B. dorsalis females. In this study, network pharmacology technology was used to discover the potential attractive compounds for B. dorsalis, which is important for the development and subsequent prevention and control of B. dorsalis. It can provide a reference in improving the success rates of clinical trials of new pest control products and in reducing the time and cost of drug development.