Phage diversity significantly contributes to ecology and evolution of new bacterial species through horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying phag...

Cell surface structure stabilization is important for extracellular secretion of proteins in Escherichia coli . As the main constituent of the cell wall, peptidoglycan contributes to cell structure robustness and stability. Here, we perturbed the peptidoglycan network by deleting dacA and dacB genes encoding d , d -carboxypeptidase enzymes to improve extracellular protein secretion. This new strategy could enhance the capacity of E. coli as a microbial cell factory for extracellular secretion of proteins and chemicals.