With the popularization of digital technology, the problem of information pollution caused by fake news has become more common. Malicious dissemination of harmful, offensive or illegal content may lead to misleading, misunderstanding and social unrest, affecting social stability and sustainable economic development. With the continuous iteration of artificial intelligence technology, researchers have carried out automatic and intelligent news data mining and analysis based on aspects of information characteristics and realized the effective identification of fake news information. However, the current research lacks the application of multidisciplinary knowledge and research on the interpretability of related methods. This paper focuses on the existing fake news detection technology. The survey includes fake news datasets, research methods for fake news detection, general technical models and multimodal related technical methods. The innovation contribution is to discuss the research progress of fake news detection in communication, linguistics, psychology and other disciplines. At the same time, it classifies and summarizes the explainable fake news detection methods and proposes an explainable human-machine-theory triangle communication system, aiming at establishing a people-centered, sustainable human–machine interaction information dissemination system. Finally, we discuss the promising future research topics of fake news detection technology.

The high level of technological development has enabled fake news to spread faster than real news in cyberspace, leading to significant impacts on the balance and sustainability of current and future social systems. At present, collecting fake news data and using artificial intelligence to detect fake news have an important impact on building a more sustainable and resilient society. Existing methods for detecting fake news have two main limitations: they focus only on the classification of news authenticity, neglecting the semantics between stance information and news authenticity. No cognitive-related information is involved, and there are not enough data on stance classification and news true-false classification for the study. Therefore, we propose a fake news analysis method based on stance information for explainable fake news detection. To make better use of news data, we construct a fake news dataset built on cognitive information. The dataset primarily consists of stance labels, along with true-false labels. We also introduce stance information to further improve news falsity analysis. To better explain the relationship between fake news and stance, we use propensity score matching for causal inference to calculate the correlation between stance information and true-false classification. The experiment result shows that the propensity score matching for causal inference yielded a negative correlation between stance consistency and fake news classification.