The important periodontal disease pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis produces thick biofilms that increase its pathogenicity. Finding natural antimicrobial agents is crucial because of the rise in antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine if plant extracts such as Symphytum officinale (S) and Panax Ginseng (G) were effective against P. gingivalis separately and in combination with a common antibiotic, metronidazole (F). Six different dilutions were produced using the plant extracts in different concentrations and antibiotics separately and in combination with F, G, and S using the two-fold serial dilution technique. To evaluate the effects of these substances, biofilm inhibition experiments were conducted. Plaque samples were collected from periodontitis patients to isolate P. gingivalis, and a standard strain of P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) was purchased. Additionally, Acylated Homoserine Lactones (AHLs) detection was carried out to look for any activity that would interfere with quorum sensing. GraphPad Prism was used for statistical analysis with a p-value < 0.05. The combinations of Symphytum officinale and metronidazole (S+F) showed the maximum effectiveness in biofilm inhibition (98.7%), which was slightly better than G+F (98.2%), with substantial variations in biofilm inhibition levels in different treatment regimes. Notably, the patient isolate was more active than the standard strain. Additionally, the plant extracts and their combinations at particular dilutions had notable inhibitory effects on the generation of AHL (p < 0.05). The study highlights the possibility of Symphytum officinale and Panax Ginseng as effective treatments for P. gingivalis biofilm and AHLs, both on their own and in combination with metronidazole. These organic substances may open the door to cutting-edge methods of treating periodontal disorders.

Background. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic‐ and family‐related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. Material and Methods. Forty‐five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60 years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of Candida colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony‐forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method. Result. The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of Candida spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (p > 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents.

Background: The RapID ANA II panel was used to evaluate bacterial responses, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were established. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of Metronidazole, Symphytum Officinale, and Panax Ginseng on P. gingivalis Materials and Methods: P. gingivalis strains, including strain ATCC 33277 and an isolate, were selected and prepared. A variety of test compounds, including Metronidazole, Symphytum Officinale, and Panax Ginseng, were procured and manufactured. A consistent technique was used to determine the MIC and MBC. We used the RapID ANA II panel to assess bacterial responses. Additionally, a suitable software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results: The findings from the MIC and MBC tests showed notable variations and a noticeable impact of the combination therapy (G+F and S+F) in comparison to the individual drugs alone. Lower MIC and MBC values were seen when Panax Ginseng and Metronidazole (G+F) and Symphytum Officinale and Metronidazole (S+F) were combined, demonstrating a synergistic effect (p < 0.01). Positive results were found for ρ-Nitrophenyl-β, D-disaccharide (BLTS), σ-Nitrophenyl-β, D-galactoside (ONPG), ρ-Nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-β, D glucosaminide (NAG), ρ-Nitrophenylphosphate (PO4), Phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide (PAL), Pyrrolidonyl-β-naphthylamide (PYR), and Tryptophane (IND) in the RapID ANA II panel, whereas negative results were obtained for Urea (URE), ρ-Nitrophenyl-α, L-arabinoside (aARA), ρ-Nitrophenyl-α, D-glucoside (aGLU), ρ-Nitrophenyl-β, D-glucoside (BGLU), ρ-Nitrophenyl-α, D-galactoside (aGAL), ρ-Nitrophenyl-α, L-fucoside (aFUC), Proline-β-naphthylamide (PRO), and Serine-β-naphthylamide (SER). Conclusion: Our study shows that combination therapies using Panax Ginseng and Symphytum Officnale with Metronidazole have increased antibacterial efficacy against P. gingivalis. These results point to the possibility of these herbal remedies complementing conventional medicine. In this study, the RapID ANA II panel helped identify and characterise P. gingivalis by offering useful insights into bacterial reactions. Nonetheless, it is necessary to conduct more studies to examine the therapeutic uses of these alternative P. gingivalis infection treatments.

The immune system plays a critical, albeit complex, role in oral health, mediating the host response to microbial challenges that lead to prevalent diseases like periodontal disease and dental caries. While essential for protection, immune responses, particularly chronic inflammation, can paradoxically contribute significantly to tissue destruction. This comprehensive review uniquely integrates recent advances in oral immunology with clinical applications, providing novel insights into immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that distinguish it from previous reviews by emphasizing translational approaches and personalized immunogenetic‐based interventions. This review synthesizes current understanding of the intricate interplay between the oral microbiome, innate and adaptive immunity, and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and caries. We investigate how key immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) and mediators (cytokines and chemokines) orchestrate responses that can lead to alveolar bone loss and enamel demineralization. Saliva′s crucial role in modulating oral immunity is also highlighted. The clinical significance of this work lies in its potential to guide evidence‐based immunomodulatory treatments, improve patient outcomes through personalized therapeutic approaches, and reduce the systemic health burden associated with chronic oral inflammatory diseases. By dissecting these immunological mechanisms, this article is aimed at underscoring the potential for developing novel, targeted immunomodulatory strategies—including vaccines, host modulation therapies, and personalized approaches based on immunogenetics—for more effective prevention and management of these common oral diseases, ultimately promoting better oral and systemic health.

Background: Reproving dental defects is still a significant problem in dentistry. Bone is a highly vascularized tissue that is reliant on maintaining skeletal structure. The medicinal properties of healthy and preventative herbs were recognized by both the ancient and modern pharmacists and doctors in medicine. The effects of Myrtus communis oil (M) are employed as a healing agent for bone loss with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The advantage of Myrtus communis oil (M) is that it is a form of osteoconduction in the process of bone healing, decreases pain, and decreases the length of time needed for bone healing. Aim: to identify the effectiveness of Myrtus communis oil's local application in healing bone defects; the author performed a histological analysis. Materials and Methods: This study involved 12 albino male rats weighing (300-400) grams, aged (6-8) months. The animals were subject to a surgical operation on the alveolar bone. The group of animals was divided into two distinct categories based on the applicable materials. Control group: 6 rats; bone defect was only washed by normal saline, and bone defect was left to heal normally. Myrtus communis group: 6 rats; bone defect treated by local application of 1 μl of Myrtus communis oil (M). The rats were sacrificed 7 and 14 days after surgery (six rats for each period). All bone sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin underwent a light microscope histological inspection, which included counting the number of bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) and evaluating the results of histomorphometric analysis. Results: Histological and histomorphometric findings of the present study show the acceleration of bone defect healing process in the Myrtus communis group as the increase in mean count difference measured of osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast with statistically significant in 7 days duration. The result shows the positive expression of osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast in all groups, with the highest statistical difference in osteocyte mean number in the Myrtus communis group. Conclusion: Myrtus communis oil (M) has the potential to promote and be an effective therapeutic for the bone injury healing process.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease known to be more severe in individuals with diabetes. However, the specific impact of glycemic control in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) on a comprehensive panel of oral inflammatory and stress biomarkers, alongside opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, requires further elucidation. This study aimed to investigate the associations between glycemic control status in T1D patients with periodontitis and levels of salivary stress (cortisol, Chromogranin A [CgA], Salivary Alpha-Amylase [sAA]) and inflammatory (C-reactive protein [CRP], albumin) biomarkers, subgingival P. aeruginosa counts, and clinical periodontal parameters. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 116 adults who were divided into four equal groups (n=29 each): Uncontrolled T1D with Periodontitis (UC-T1D; HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), controlled T1D with Periodontitis (C-T1D; HbA1c < 6.5%), Non-Diabetics with Periodontitis (NP), and Non-Diabetics with Healthy Periodontium (NH). Salivary biomarkers were quantified using commercial ELISA kits. Subgingival P. aeruginosa bacterial loads were determined by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the oprL gene. Clinical periodontal parameters (PPD, CAL, PI, BOP) were recorded by a single calibrated examiner. Non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U) were used for group comparisons, and Spearman's correlation was used to assess relationships. Results: The UC-T1D group exhibited significantly higher salivary cortisol, CgA, sAA, CRP, and albumin levels, along with greater subgingival P. aeruginosa counts, compared to all other groups (all p<0.001). This group also presented with the most severe periodontal parameters (highest mean PPD, CAL, PI, and BOP%; p<0.001). Subgingival P. aeruginosa counts were significantly and positively correlated with salivary cortisol (r=0.52, p<0.01), CgA (r=0.48, p<0.01), CRP (r=0.67, p<0.001), and albumin (r=0.62, p<0.001). Discussion: The findings indicated that an uncontrolled glycemic state in T1D is strongly associated with a heightened oral inflammatory and stress environment. The elevation of both HPA and SAM axis markers (cortisol, CgA, sAA) suggests that systemic physiological stress in uncontrolled T1D may contribute to oral inflammation. The parallel increase in salivary CRP and albumin confirms a state of local and systemic inflammation with compromised gingival vascular integrity. The higher burden of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in the UC-T1D group suggests that poor glycemic control may create a favorable niche for its colonization, potentially exacerbating periodontal destruction. Study limitations include the cross-sectional design and focus on a single opportunistic pathogen. Conclusion: Uncontrolled T1D is associated with significantly elevated salivary stress and inflammatory biomarkers, increased subgingival P. aeruginosa colonization, and more severe periodontitis. These findings underscore the critical importance of diligent glycemic management in T1D patients to mitigate oral inflammation and alter microbial profiles that contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these associations and explore causality.