Chronic pancreatitis (CP) may induce systemic inflammation, potentially increasing cancer susceptibility. However, the link between CP and extra-pancreatic cancer remains underexplored. Employing Taiwanese National Health Insurance Database data from 2000 to 2017, we compared 5394 CP patients with 21,576 non-CP individuals through propensity score matching. CP patients exhibited a significantly higher cancer risk (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.32 for females and 1.68 for males) and cumulative incidence (p < 0.001) compared to non-CP individuals. CP showed notable associations with pancreatic (aHR = 3.51), liver (aHR = 1.62), stomach (aHR = 2.01), and other cancers (aHR = 2.09). In terms of liver cancer, CP was significantly associated with patients without viral hepatitis, regardless of gender (aHR = 2.01 for women; aHR = 1.54 for men). No significant cancer occurrences were observed within the first year following CP diagnosis. Pancreatic or liver cancer developed in approximately half of CP patients within 2–3 years, while gastric cancer in male CP patients predominantly occurred around the fifth year after diagnosis. These findings inform potential cancer-screening plans for CP patients.