A paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) is a set of symptoms and signs that can accompany the formation of a cancer but is not due to its direct infiltration or metastasis. PNS results from the secretion of peptides or hormones by tumor cells or from an immunological cross-reaction between the tumor antigens and host antigens. In the adult population, PNS affects up to 15% of patients with cancer, but data on pediatric patients remain lacking. The remarkable fact is that PNS can precede an oncology diagnosis, even by months or years. PNS can involve virtually any organ of the human body. In children, the most commonly involved are the nervous system (encephalitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome), skin (pemphigus, alopecia areata, pruritic skin, pyoderma gangrenosum, skin nevi), rheumatologic (dermatomyositis, vasculitis), liver (atrophic biliary syndrome, idiopathic cholestasis), endocrine system (hypercalcemia, syndrome of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone), kidney (nephrotic syndrome), or hematopoietic system (hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, thrombotic macroangiopathy, leukomoid reaction). PNS can accompany all childhood cancers, but is most common in Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and sarcoma. Diagnosis of PNS should begin as early as the suspicion of its unusual course, lack of response to standard treatment, or prolonged duration. Diagnosis should include typical disease-specific tests and simultaneous imaging of the head and neck, abdomen, and pelvis, as well as a bone marrow biopsy to look for malignancy. PNS treatment mainly includes anti-tumor therapy and sometimes additional immunosuppressive therapy. This article aims to review PNS in children with malignancy.

Background/Objectives: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 80% of leukemias in this group and about 25% of all cancers. The 5-year survival rate is now over 90%. Achieving such a good outcome is made possible by the introduction of intensive, high-dose chemotherapy. However, it is associated with numerous complications, affecting up to 80% of patients. Among the most common of these are infections and intestinal, hepatic, hematological or neurological complications. For their effective treatment and prevention, it is necessary to develop predictors. High hopes in this aspect are placed on miRNAs. The aim of the following paper is to present the role of miRNAs as predictors of chemotherapy complications in children with ALL. Methods: A systematic review of the available literature in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar scientific databases was conducted. Fourteen publications were included in the analysis. Results: Changes in miRNA expression and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNAs are associated with complications of ALL therapy. Among the most notable are miR-1206 (in mucositis and myelotoxicity), miR-2053 (in neurotoxicity and mucositis), miR-938 and miR-3117 (in gastrointestinal toxicity and neurotoxicity), miR-1307 (in gastrointestinal toxicity and mucositis) and miR-323b (in gastrointestinal toxicity and myelotoxicity). In addition, miR-155, miR-3117 and miR-4268 may be potential therapeutic targets in complications of ALL therapy. Conclusions: miRNAs are good potential predictors of ALL chemotherapy toxicity and may be therapeutic targets in these complications.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy among children. It originates from over-proliferating immature lymphoid cells called lymphoblasts. Modern genetic studies have shown that the aetiology of ALL is correlated with numerous chromosomal aberrations, including activating mutation of the JAK/STAT pathway. This pathway is responsible for regulating the transmission of signals from extracellular cytokines to the nucleus of cells, regulating their growth, differentiation and immune response. With proper patient diagnosis, it is possible to correctly classify the genetic subtypes of ALL, allowing more effective therapies to be introduced. The following study presents the importance of genetic diagnosis for the treatment of a paediatric patient with ALL with the above mutation in the genome. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy among children. It originates from over-proliferating immature lymphoid cells called lymphoblasts. Modern genetic studies have shown that the aetiology of ALL is correlated with numerous chromosomal aberrations, including activating mutation of the JAK/STAT pathway. This pathway is responsible for regulating the transmission of signals from extracellular cytokines to the nucleus of cells, regulating their growth, differentiation and immune response. With proper patient diagnosis, it is possible to correctly classify the genetic subtypes of ALL, allowing more effective therapies to be introduced. The following study presents the importance of genetic diagnosis for the treatment of a paediatric patient with ALL with the above mutation in the genome.

The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children has become increasingly effective over the years. Currently, the cure rate is about 90%. This has become possible due to the use of combinations of appropriate chemotherapeutics in very high, often maximum doses. This is associated...

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and debilitating disorder with the highest standardized mortality rate among all mental health conditions. It is associated with cognitive impairments and difficulties in emotional regulation. Individuals with AN often exhibit a reduced ability to recognize emotions (Emotion Recognition Ability – ERA), particularly when it comes to negative emotions. The efficiency of emotion recognition has been found to correlate with Body Mass Index (BMI) and the duration of the illness, which may suggest a decline in socio-emotional functioning and neurobiological changes caused by prolonged starvation. Impaired emotion recognition is linked to poorer treatment outcomes, making it crucial to focus on enhancing this skill during AN therapy. Since ERA plays a fundamental role in nonverbal communication – and, by extension, in social interactions – further research in this area is warranted. Available training programs aimed at improving emotion recognition abilities have the potential to significantly enhance communication between patients and healthcare providers as well as close relatives, thereby positively influencing the therapeutic process.