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FLO6 is involved in starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice. Starch synthesized and stored in plastids including chloroplasts and amyloplasts plays a vital role in plant growth and provides the major energy for human diet. However, the molecular mechanisms by which regulate starch synthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized a rice floury endosperm mutant M39, which exhibited defective starch granule formation in pericarp and endosperm, accompanied by the decreased starch content and amylose content. The abnormal starch accumulation in M39 pollen grains caused a significant decrease in plant fertility. Chloroplasts in M39 leaves contained no or only one large starch granule. Positional cloning combined with complementary experiment demonstrated that the mutant phenotypes were restored by the FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 (FLO6). FLO6 was generally expressed in various tissues, including leaf, anther and developing endosperm. FLO6 is a chloroplast and amyloplast-localized protein that is able to bind to starch by its carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain. Interestingly, we found that FLO6 interacted with starch synthase IVb (SSIVb) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI and GBSSII). Together, our results suggested that FLO6 plays a critical role in starch synthesis through cooperating with several starch synthesis enzymes throughout plant growth and development.
Long Zhang; Ning Li; Jing Zhang; Linglong Zhao; Jiajing Qiu; Cunxu Wei. The CBM48 domain-containing protein FLO6 regulates starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice. Plant Molecular Biology 2021, 1 -19.
AMA StyleLong Zhang, Ning Li, Jing Zhang, Linglong Zhao, Jiajing Qiu, Cunxu Wei. The CBM48 domain-containing protein FLO6 regulates starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice. Plant Molecular Biology. 2021; ():1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLong Zhang; Ning Li; Jing Zhang; Linglong Zhao; Jiajing Qiu; Cunxu Wei. 2021. "The CBM48 domain-containing protein FLO6 regulates starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice." Plant Molecular Biology , no. : 1-19.
Ramie root is an underutilized starch source. In this study, eight ramie varieties were investigated for starch properties. Starch content ranged from 18.6% to 50.1% in dry root. Starches from different varieties showed similar morphology including ellipsoidal, spherical and truncated granules with size D[4,3] from 10.1 to 14.1 μm. Starch had amylose content from 20.8% to 28.5%. All ramie varieties had B-type starches with relative crystallinity from 24.8% to 27.1%, ordered degree from 0.724 to 0.897 and lamellar thickness from 9.1 to 9.6 nm. Starches had gelatinization peak temperature from 70.5 to 73.8 °C and enthalpy from 14.9 to 15.8 J/g. Starches had swelling power and water solubility from 27.9 to 31.9 g/g and from 11.7% to 15.5%, respectively, at 95 °C, and exhibited different pasting properties with breakdown viscosity from 36 to 377 mPa s and setback viscosities from 1295 to 1863 mPa s. Starch pastes exhibited pseudoplastic behavior and different rheological properties. Native, gelatinized and retrograded starches had resistant starch from 81.7% to 83.9%, from 1.7% to 5.1% and from 5.6% to 13.3%, respectively. The eight varieties were divided into 3 groups according to starch properties. This study is helpful for selecting suitable ramie variety as starch source.
Yinhui Ren; Qiwei Wei; Hualan Chen; Laiquan Shi; Wenjing Sheng; Zhonghua Zhang; Yaling Li; Chengjian Huang; Cunxu Wei. Characterization of underutilized root starches from eight varieties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grown in China. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2021, 183, 1475 -1485.
AMA StyleYinhui Ren, Qiwei Wei, Hualan Chen, Laiquan Shi, Wenjing Sheng, Zhonghua Zhang, Yaling Li, Chengjian Huang, Cunxu Wei. Characterization of underutilized root starches from eight varieties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grown in China. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 183 ():1475-1485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYinhui Ren; Qiwei Wei; Hualan Chen; Laiquan Shi; Wenjing Sheng; Zhonghua Zhang; Yaling Li; Chengjian Huang; Cunxu Wei. 2021. "Characterization of underutilized root starches from eight varieties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grown in China." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 183, no. : 1475-1485.
A new starch was isolated from ramie root, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. Ramie dry root contained 45.9% starch. Starch had truncated, ellipsoidal, and spherical granule shapes with size from 7 to 30 μm and D[4,3] about 14.1 μm. Starch contained 38.9% apparent amylose content and 22.4% true amylose content, exhibited B-type crystallinity, and had 26.6% relative crystallinity, 0.82 ordered degree, and 9.2 nm lamellar thickness. Starch had 71.8 °C gelatinization peak temperature and 15.6 J/g gelatinization enthalpy, and exhibited 31.4 g/g swelling power and 17.1% water solubility at 95 °C. Starch had peak, hot, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities at 3048, 2768, 279, 4165, and 1397 mPa s, respectively, and showed peak time at 4.36 min and pasting temperature at 75.0 °C. The native, gelatinized, and retrograded starches contained 15.1%, 94.0%, and 86.5% rapidly digestible starch and 83.3%, 4.0%, and 10.7% resistant starch, respectively. Compared with potato and rice starches, ramie starch was somewhat similar to potato starch but significantly different from rice starch in starch component, crystalline structure, and functional properties. Therefore, ramie starch exhibited the potential to be used as a thickening agent, resistant-digesting food additive, and alternative to potato starch in food and nonfood industries.
Yinhui Ren; Qiwei Wei; Lingshang Lin; Laiquan Shi; Zhonggang Cui; Yaling Li; Chengjian Huang; Cunxu Wei. Physicochemical properties of a new starch from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) root. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2021, 174, 392 -401.
AMA StyleYinhui Ren, Qiwei Wei, Lingshang Lin, Laiquan Shi, Zhonggang Cui, Yaling Li, Chengjian Huang, Cunxu Wei. Physicochemical properties of a new starch from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) root. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 174 ():392-401.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYinhui Ren; Qiwei Wei; Lingshang Lin; Laiquan Shi; Zhonggang Cui; Yaling Li; Chengjian Huang; Cunxu Wei. 2021. "Physicochemical properties of a new starch from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) root." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 174, no. : 392-401.
Starch and storage proteins determine the weight and quality of cereal grains, and their syntheses have been comprehensively investigated, but the transcription factors responsible for their regulation remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of NAM, ATAF and CUC (NAC) transcription factors, OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 in starch and storage protein synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm. OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 showed high levels of amino acid sequence similarity. Both of them were localized in the aleurone layer, starchy endosperm and embryo. Mutation of OsNAC20 or OsNAC26 alone had no effect on the grain, while the osnac20/26 double mutant had significantly decreased starch and storage protein content. OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 alone could directly transactivate the expression of starch synthase I (SSI), pullulanase (Pul), glutelin A1 (GluA1), glutelin B4/5 (GluB4/5), α-globulin and 16 kD prolamin and indirectly influenced plastidial disproportionating enzyme1 (DPE1) expression to regulate starch and storage protein synthesis. Although they could also bind to the promoters of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 2b (AGPS2b), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 2 (AGPL2) and starch branching enzyme I (SBEI), and the expression of the three genes was largely decreased in the osnac20/26 mutant, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) activities were unchanged in this double mutant. In addition, OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 are main regulators of Pul, GluB4, α-globulin and 16 kD prolamin. In conclusion, OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 play an essential and redundant role in the regulation of starch and storage protein synthesis.
Juan Wang; Zichun Chen; Qing Zhang; Shanshan Meng; Cunxu Wei. The NAC Transcription Factors OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 Regulate Starch and Storage Protein Synthesis. Plant Physiology 2020, 184, 1775 -1791.
AMA StyleJuan Wang, Zichun Chen, Qing Zhang, Shanshan Meng, Cunxu Wei. The NAC Transcription Factors OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 Regulate Starch and Storage Protein Synthesis. Plant Physiology. 2020; 184 (4):1775-1791.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Wang; Zichun Chen; Qing Zhang; Shanshan Meng; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "The NAC Transcription Factors OsNAC20 and OsNAC26 Regulate Starch and Storage Protein Synthesis." Plant Physiology 184, no. 4: 1775-1791.
Starch ghost, an insoluble structure of gelatinized starch, plays an important role in the applications of starch. In this review, we summarized the preparation, morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost. The preparation steps of starch ghost include gelatinization, purification and preservation, and many factors influence the yield of starch ghost. The morphology and content of starch ghost can be influenced by many factors like starch resource and amylose content. Ghosts from non-waxy starches are composed of amylopectin with long branch-chains and amylose. These molecules cross-link to each other to reinforce the structure, and tend to form B-type double helix in ghosts from high-amylose starches. Some surface proteins that bind tightly to starch granules are also present in starch ghost. Protein and lipid are thought to have limited effects on the structural stability, but they make a big difference in the morphology of starch ghost. Starch ghost shows a different resistance to amylase among various starches, but it can be further digested under the high shear force. The mechanical, enzymatic hydrolysis and electrochemical properties of starch ghost make it widely used as emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener and starch-based films or gels in food and non-food processing industries.
Zheng Li; Cunxu Wei. Morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020, 163, 2084 -2096.
AMA StyleZheng Li, Cunxu Wei. Morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 163 ():2084-2096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng Li; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "Morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost: A review." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 163, no. : 2084-2096.
The nitrogen (N) influences the growth of sweet potato. However, it is unclear whether the different levels of N can affect starch physicochemical properties. In this study, 9 different colored-fleshed sweet potato varieties were planted in the same field with additional N fertilizer treatment of 0, 15 and 30 kg/ha. The physicochemical properties of starches from root tubers were measured. With increasing N level, the amylose content decreased in yellow-fleshed variety Sushu 16 and increased in white-fleshed variety Sushu 29 and purple-fleshed varieties Ningzishu 1 and 4, but did not significantly change in other varieties. The starch size decreased in purple-fleshed variety Ningzishu 1 and white-fleshed varieties Sushu 28 and Sushu 29 with increasing N treatment, but first increased then decreased in yellow-fleshed variety Sushu 16 and first decreased then increased in white-fleshed variety Sushu 24 and yellow-fleshed variety Sushu 25. The different levels of N treatment had no influence on protein content, crystalline structure, and gelatinization enthalpy of starch. The effects of N treatment on gelatinization temperatures and pasting viscosities of starches were determined by varieties and genotype backgrounds of sweet potato. The PLSR and PLS-DA were also carried out based on structural, thermal, and pasting parameters of starches.
Ke Guo; Xiaofeng Bian; Zhaodong Jia; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. Effects of nitrogen level on structural and functional properties of starches from different colored-fleshed root tubers of sweet potato. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020, 164, 3235 -3242.
AMA StyleKe Guo, Xiaofeng Bian, Zhaodong Jia, Long Zhang, Cunxu Wei. Effects of nitrogen level on structural and functional properties of starches from different colored-fleshed root tubers of sweet potato. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 164 ():3235-3242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe Guo; Xiaofeng Bian; Zhaodong Jia; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "Effects of nitrogen level on structural and functional properties of starches from different colored-fleshed root tubers of sweet potato." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164, no. : 3235-3242.
In maize (Zea mays), kernel weight is an important component of yield, which has been selected during domestication. Many genes associated with kernel weight have been identified through mutant analysis. Most are involved in the biogenesis and functional maintenance of organelles or other fundamental cellular activities. However, few quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying quantitative variation in kernel weight have been cloned. Here, we characterize a QTL, qKW9, which is associated with maize kernel weight. This QTL encodes a DYW motif pentatricopeptide repeat protein involved in C-to-U editing of ndhB, a subunit of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex. In a null qkw9 background, C-to-U editing of ndhB was abolished, and photosynthesis was reduced, which resulted in less maternal photosynthate available for grain filling. Characterization of qKW9 highlights the importance of optimizing photosynthesis for maize grain yield production.
Juan Huang; Gang Lu; Lei Liu; Mohammad Sharif Raihan; Jieting Xu; Liumei Jian; Lingxiao Zhao; Thu M. Tran; Qinghua Zhang; Jie Liu; Wenqiang Li; Cunxu Wei; David M. Braun; Qing Li; Alisdair R. Fernie; David Jackson; Jianbing Yan. The Kernel Size-Related Quantitative Trait Locus qKW9 Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Aaffects Photosynthesis and Grain Filling. Plant Physiology 2020, 183, 1696 -1709.
AMA StyleJuan Huang, Gang Lu, Lei Liu, Mohammad Sharif Raihan, Jieting Xu, Liumei Jian, Lingxiao Zhao, Thu M. Tran, Qinghua Zhang, Jie Liu, Wenqiang Li, Cunxu Wei, David M. Braun, Qing Li, Alisdair R. Fernie, David Jackson, Jianbing Yan. The Kernel Size-Related Quantitative Trait Locus qKW9 Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Aaffects Photosynthesis and Grain Filling. Plant Physiology. 2020; 183 (4):1696-1709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Huang; Gang Lu; Lei Liu; Mohammad Sharif Raihan; Jieting Xu; Liumei Jian; Lingxiao Zhao; Thu M. Tran; Qinghua Zhang; Jie Liu; Wenqiang Li; Cunxu Wei; David M. Braun; Qing Li; Alisdair R. Fernie; David Jackson; Jianbing Yan. 2020. "The Kernel Size-Related Quantitative Trait Locus qKW9 Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Aaffects Photosynthesis and Grain Filling." Plant Physiology 183, no. 4: 1696-1709.
Biphasic starch granules in maize ae mutant underwent the weak to strong SBEIIb-defective effect during endosperm development, leading to no birefringence in their exterior due to extended long branch-chains of amylopectin. Biphasic starch granules are usually detected regionally in cereal endosperm lacking starch branching enzyme (SBE). However, their molecular structure, formation mechanism, and regional distribution are unclear. In this research, biphasic starch granules were observed in the inner region of crown endosperm of maize ae mutant, and had poorly oriented structure with comb-like profiles in their exterior. The inner endosperm (IE) rich in biphasic starch granules and outer endosperm (OE) without biphasic starch granules were investigated. The starch had lower amylose content and higher proportion of long branch-chains of amylopectin in IE than in OE, and the exterior of biphasic starch granules had less amylose and more long branch-chains of amylopectin than the interior. Compared with OE, the expression pattern of starch synthesis related enzymes changed significantly in IE. The granule-bound starch synthase I activity within biphasic starch granules decreased slightly. The IE experienced more severe hypoxic stress than OE, and the up-regulated anaerobic respiration pathway indicated an increase in carbon consumption. The starch in IE underwent the SBEIIb-defective effect from weak to strong due to the lack of sufficient carbon inflow, leading to the formation of biphasic starch granules and their regional distribution in endosperm. The results provided information for understanding the biphasic starch granules.
Wei He; Xiangguo Liu; Lingshang Lin; Ahui Xu; Dongyun Hao; Cunxu Wei. The defective effect of starch branching enzyme IIb from weak to strong induces the formation of biphasic starch granules in amylose-extender maize endosperm. Plant Molecular Biology 2020, 103, 355 -371.
AMA StyleWei He, Xiangguo Liu, Lingshang Lin, Ahui Xu, Dongyun Hao, Cunxu Wei. The defective effect of starch branching enzyme IIb from weak to strong induces the formation of biphasic starch granules in amylose-extender maize endosperm. Plant Molecular Biology. 2020; 103 (3):355-371.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei He; Xiangguo Liu; Lingshang Lin; Ahui Xu; Dongyun Hao; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "The defective effect of starch branching enzyme IIb from weak to strong induces the formation of biphasic starch granules in amylose-extender maize endosperm." Plant Molecular Biology 103, no. 3: 355-371.
In this study, 6 very small granule starches (VSGSs) were isolated from endosperms of dicotyledon Amaranthus cruentus, Agriophyllum squarrosum, Chenopodium quinoa, Euryale ferox, Mirabilis jalapa, and Vaccaria hispanica. Their morphologies and physicochemical properties were investigated. Most VSGSs with granule size <3 μm were spherical or polygonal, and their apparent amylose contents ranged from 19.4 to 33.1% with A. cruentus starch the lowest and E. ferox starch the highest. All VSGSs had the same A-type crystalline structure with relative crystallinities from 23.3 to 29.6%. Though 6 VSGSs had slight differences in short-range ordered structure and lamellar repeat distance, their lamellar peak intensities exhibited significant differences. The gelatinization temperatures showed significant differences among 6 VSGSs with C. quinoa starch the lowest and M. jalapa starch the highest. The 6 VSGSs had significantly different pasting viscosities with peak viscosities from 1887 to 4579 mPa s, hot viscosities from 1704 to 3479 mPa s, breakdown viscosities from 56 to 1170 mPa s, final viscosities from 2419 to 4811 mPa s, and setback viscosities from 715 to 1821 mPa s. The digestion properties of starches were significantly different among 6 VSGSs. The above results could provide some references for applications of these VSGSs.
Yinhui Ren; Ke Guo; Biao Zhang; Cunxu Wei. Comparison of physicochemical properties of very small granule starches from endosperms of dicotyledon plants. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020, 154, 818 -825.
AMA StyleYinhui Ren, Ke Guo, Biao Zhang, Cunxu Wei. Comparison of physicochemical properties of very small granule starches from endosperms of dicotyledon plants. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 154 ():818-825.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYinhui Ren; Ke Guo; Biao Zhang; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "Comparison of physicochemical properties of very small granule starches from endosperms of dicotyledon plants." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 154, no. : 818-825.
This review summarizes the main applications of different sections and some improved sectioning methods in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels. Thick sections of developing kernels prepared by free-hand and sliding microtome-aided sectioning method can be employed to elucidate tissue anatomy and histochemistry. The thin sections of mature kernels prepared by ultramicrotome-aided sectioning method can exhibit the micromorphology of starch granules when stained with iodine solution. The paraffin sections of developing kernels can exhibit the tissue anatomy of kernel, the accumulation of storage substances, and the location of protein and gene transcripts with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. The semithin resin sections can clearly exhibit the morphology of cells, starch granules, and protein bodies in kernel, but the sections prepared with different resins have various advantages and disadvantages for research investigating the morphology and histochemistry of cereal kernels. The improved methods of free-hand sectioning and ultramicrotome-aided sectioning of mature kernels are suitable for investigating the morphology of starch granules in a large number of samples in a short time. The modified method for preparing resin sections of whole kernels can be employed to determine the morphology and distribution of cells, starch granules, and storage protein in mature, developing, germinated, and cooked kernels in situ. This review could help researchers choose appropriate sections for investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels according to their study objectives.
Ahui Xu; Cunxu Wei. Comprehensive comparison and applications of different sections in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels. Plant Methods 2020, 16, 1 -13.
AMA StyleAhui Xu, Cunxu Wei. Comprehensive comparison and applications of different sections in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels. Plant Methods. 2020; 16 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhui Xu; Cunxu Wei. 2020. "Comprehensive comparison and applications of different sections in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels." Plant Methods 16, no. 1: 1-13.
Rice mutants with altered starch components and properties are important genetic resources in rice breeding programmes. In this study, 44 mutants with altered starch components were screened from 135 rice mutants with opaque kernels using a starch–iodine absorption spectrum method, and nine mutants from them were further selected for investigating their starch properties and kernel appearance quality. The results showed that the iodine absorption spectrum parameters, OD620, OD620/550, and λmax, could reflect the changes of starch components in rice mutants, and had significantly positive relationships with amylose content and negative relationships with the proportion of short branch-chains of amylopectin. The endosperm starches from nine mutants all showed A-type crystalline structure and similar short-range ordered structure, but had different relative crystallinities. The changes of starch components in mutants not only resulted in the different gelatinization properties of starch but also changed the appearance quality of brown rice kernels. This study provided abundant genetic plants for studying the molecular mechanism of starch synthesis and the quality regulation of rice kernels.
Shun Zhang; Zheng Li; Lingshang Lin; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. Starch Components, Starch Properties and Appearance Quality of Opaque Kernels from Rice Mutants. Molecules 2019, 24, 4580 .
AMA StyleShun Zhang, Zheng Li, Lingshang Lin, Long Zhang, Cunxu Wei. Starch Components, Starch Properties and Appearance Quality of Opaque Kernels from Rice Mutants. Molecules. 2019; 24 (24):4580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShun Zhang; Zheng Li; Lingshang Lin; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Starch Components, Starch Properties and Appearance Quality of Opaque Kernels from Rice Mutants." Molecules 24, no. 24: 4580.
In cereal seeds, the number, morphology and development of endosperm cells are closely related to grain quality, weight and yield. Endosperm cells differ morphologically in different regions of the seed. Nevertheless, it is important to be able to analyze the morphology of cereal endosperm cells. We established an image processing method to enhance the outlines of endosperm cells. The endosperm cell wall was traced precisely using the “pen tool” in Photoshop software (PS). The tracing was defined as the “work path” and was highlighted using the PS “brush tool.” Images of mature rice, maize and wheat endosperm sections stained with different methods were analyzed using this method. Combined with the whole sections of mature and developing cereal kernels, the processed image exhibited clearly the morphology of endosperm cells in any region of endosperm and at any stage of endosperm development. The processed image was more accurate and efficient for analyzing morphological characteristics than the unprocessed image.
Lingxiao Zhao; Canhui Cai; Cunxu Wei. An image processing method for investigating the morphology of cereal endosperm cells. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2019, 95, 249 -261.
AMA StyleLingxiao Zhao, Canhui Cai, Cunxu Wei. An image processing method for investigating the morphology of cereal endosperm cells. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2019; 95 (4):249-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingxiao Zhao; Canhui Cai; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "An image processing method for investigating the morphology of cereal endosperm cells." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 95, no. 4: 249-261.
Three rice varieties, Te-qing (TQ), Wu-xiang 9915 (WX) and Guang-ling-xiang-nuo (GLXN) with different amylose contents, and their derived lines with inhibition of starch branching enzyme I and IIb (SBEI/IIb) (GLXN-, WX- and TQ-SBEI/IIb–) were used to investigate and compare the starch ordered structure and component accumulation in developing kernels. The starches in developing kernels of TQ, WX and GLXN all showed a typical A-type crystallinity and had similar short-range ordered structure, but their relative crystallinities gradually decreased in TQ and WX and had no significant change in GLXN with kernel development. For wild-type rices, starch components gradually increased in developing kernels. With inhibition of SBEI/IIb, the accumulation of amylose and amylopectin long branch-chains in kernels was slightly affected, but amylopectin short branch-chains seriously decreased, resulting in a significantly lower dry weight and starch content in kernel. The B-type crystallinity in developing starch gradually accumulated with kernel development of TQ-, Wx- and GLXN-SBEI/IIb– lines. The inhibition of SBEI/IIb decreased the relative crystallinity but increased the short-range ordered structure of starches. The effects of inhibition of SBEI/IIb on starch ordered structure and component accumulation mainly appeared after 10 days after flowering, and were the most conspicuous for indica rice TQ. Though the inhibition of SBEI/IIb influenced the ordered structure and component accumulation of starch, the starch content and components in developing kernels all showed significantly positive correlations with kernel dry weight.
Lingshang Lin; Jun Huang; Long Zhang; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. Effects of inhibition of starch branching enzymes on starch ordered structure and component accumulation in developing kernels of rice. Journal of Cereal Science 2019, 91, 102884 .
AMA StyleLingshang Lin, Jun Huang, Long Zhang, Qiaoquan Liu, Cunxu Wei. Effects of inhibition of starch branching enzymes on starch ordered structure and component accumulation in developing kernels of rice. Journal of Cereal Science. 2019; 91 ():102884.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingshang Lin; Jun Huang; Long Zhang; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Effects of inhibition of starch branching enzymes on starch ordered structure and component accumulation in developing kernels of rice." Journal of Cereal Science 91, no. : 102884.
Kernel weight is an important yield component in maize that was selected during domestication. Many kernel weight genes have been identified through mutant analysis, and are mostly involved in the biogenesis and functional maintenance of organelles or other fundamental cellular activities. However, only a limited number of loci underlying quantitative variation in kernel weight have been cloned. Here we characterize a maize kernel weight QTL, qKW9 and find that it encodes a DYW motif pentatricopeptide repeat protein involved in C-to-U editing of NdhB, a subunit of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex. In a null qKW9 background, C-to-U editing of NdhB was abolished, and photosynthesis was reduced, suggesting that qKW9 regulates kernel weight by controling the maternal source of photosynthate for grain filling. Characterization of qKW9 highlights the importance of optimizing photosynthesis on maize grain yield production.
Juan Huang; Gang Lu; Lei Liu; Mohammad Sharif Raihan; Jieting Xu; Liumei Jian; Lingxiao Zhao; Thu M. Tran; Qinghua Zhang; Jie Liu; Wenqiang Li; Cunxu Wei; David M. Braun; Qing Li; Alisdair R. Fernie; David Jackson; Jianbing Yan. qKW9 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein affecting photosynthesis and grain filling in maize. 2019, 847145 .
AMA StyleJuan Huang, Gang Lu, Lei Liu, Mohammad Sharif Raihan, Jieting Xu, Liumei Jian, Lingxiao Zhao, Thu M. Tran, Qinghua Zhang, Jie Liu, Wenqiang Li, Cunxu Wei, David M. Braun, Qing Li, Alisdair R. Fernie, David Jackson, Jianbing Yan. qKW9 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein affecting photosynthesis and grain filling in maize. . 2019; ():847145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Huang; Gang Lu; Lei Liu; Mohammad Sharif Raihan; Jieting Xu; Liumei Jian; Lingxiao Zhao; Thu M. Tran; Qinghua Zhang; Jie Liu; Wenqiang Li; Cunxu Wei; David M. Braun; Qing Li; Alisdair R. Fernie; David Jackson; Jianbing Yan. 2019. "qKW9 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein affecting photosynthesis and grain filling in maize." , no. : 847145.
In cereal endosperm, the deficiency of starch branching enzyme (SBE) can change starch morphology and structure, forming heterogeneous starch granules. The contents and types of heterogeneous granules in endosperm influence the quality and utilizations of cereal seeds. This review summarizes the morphologies, physicochemical properties, and formation mechanisms of heterogeneous granules in cereal endosperm lacking SBE. Some future researches on heterogeneous granules are also suggested. The heterogeneous granules can be divided into heteromorphous and biphasic granules. Heteromorphous granules including aggregate, elongated, hollow and sickle granules have different morphologies, and are detected in rice, maize, wheat and barley endosperms lacking SBE. The different heteromorphous granules show different starch components, molecular structures, thermal properties, and hydrolysis resistances. Biphasic granules have different organizational and molecular structures between their inner and outer regions, and are mainly reported in rice and maize endosperms lacking SBEIIb. The heterogeneous granules have regional distribution in endosperm. The amylose molecules from adjacent starch subgranules in one amyloplast form anti-parallel double helices, leading to the fusion of subgranules and the formation of aggregate and elongated granules. The changed amylopectin with long branch-chains and low branching degree is mainly responsible for the formation of biphasic granules. The differently changed extents of SBE in different regions of endosperm and at different development stages of starch result in different heterogeneous granules and their regional distribution in endosperm.
Wei He; Cunxu Wei. A critical review on structural properties and formation mechanism of heterogeneous starch granules in cereal endosperm lacking starch branching enzyme. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 100, 105434 .
AMA StyleWei He, Cunxu Wei. A critical review on structural properties and formation mechanism of heterogeneous starch granules in cereal endosperm lacking starch branching enzyme. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 100 ():105434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei He; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "A critical review on structural properties and formation mechanism of heterogeneous starch granules in cereal endosperm lacking starch branching enzyme." Food Hydrocolloids 100, no. : 105434.
Rice with low amylose content (AC) is popular due to the unique eating and cooking quality, but its transparency is poor. It is unclear why low AC rice has poor transparency until now. In this study, the transparency and microstructure of brown rice kernels were investigated in rices with different ACs. Chalkiness of endosperm resulted from the loosely packed starch granules, and existed in rice kernels with low and high moisture. However, dry kernels with low AC were opaque or dull due to the cavities in the center of starch granules, and could become transparent gradually with the increase of moisture. For rices with the same genetic background but different ACs, the cavity size was negatively correlated with AC, and the transparency of dry kernels was significantly correlated positively with AC and negatively with cavity size. The transparency of kernels was positively correlated with moisture of kernel, and the effect of moisture on transparency was significantly correlated positively with starch cavity size and negatively with kernel AC. The above results showed that the transparency of low AC rice was remarkably influenced by cavity size and AC of starch, and could be regulated through controlling the moisture of kernel.
Long Zhang; Linglong Zhao; Jing Zhang; Xiuling Cai; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. Relationships between transparency, amylose content, starch cavity, and moisture of brown rice kernels. Journal of Cereal Science 2019, 90, 102854 .
AMA StyleLong Zhang, Linglong Zhao, Jing Zhang, Xiuling Cai, Qiaoquan Liu, Cunxu Wei. Relationships between transparency, amylose content, starch cavity, and moisture of brown rice kernels. Journal of Cereal Science. 2019; 90 ():102854.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLong Zhang; Linglong Zhao; Jing Zhang; Xiuling Cai; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Relationships between transparency, amylose content, starch cavity, and moisture of brown rice kernels." Journal of Cereal Science 90, no. : 102854.
C-type starches isolated from different colored root tubers of sweet potatoes were investigated to reveal the distribution of A- and B-type crystals using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and hot stage microscopy. The results showed that starches from different colored sweet potatoes all exhibited CA-type XRD patterns and wide DSC thermal peak curves. The thermal peaks could be highly fitted into three peaks, defined as Peak 1, 2 and 3, according to their gelatinization temperatures (GTs) from low to high. When starch was gelatinized in KCl solution, the peak temperature of Peak 1 increased slightly and then decreased, but those of Peak 2 and 3 increased first rapidly and then slowly with increasing KCl concentration. Starch was gelatinized from the interior to exterior of granules, and could be divided into three groups, defined as Group 1, 2 and 3, according to their GTs from low to high, corresponding to Peak 1, 2 and 3 of DSC thermogram, respectively. The starch granules in Group 2 had significantly wider GT range than those in Group 1 and Group 3. The starch granules with increasing GT exhibited XRD patterns from CA- to A-type and DSC thermograms from wide three-peak to narrow single peak. B-type starch granules had higher short-range ordered structure than A-type starch granules. The above results indicated that B-, C-, and A-type starch granules with GT from low to high coexisted in root tubers of sweet potato.
Ke Guo; Long Zhang; Xiaofeng Bian; Qinghe Cao; Cunxu Wei. A-, B- and C-type starch granules coexist in root tuber of sweet potato. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 98, 105279 .
AMA StyleKe Guo, Long Zhang, Xiaofeng Bian, Qinghe Cao, Cunxu Wei. A-, B- and C-type starch granules coexist in root tuber of sweet potato. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 98 ():105279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe Guo; Long Zhang; Xiaofeng Bian; Qinghe Cao; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "A-, B- and C-type starch granules coexist in root tuber of sweet potato." Food Hydrocolloids 98, no. : 105279.
Mature endosperm was separated regionally into different parts in three rice cultivars, Te-qing (TQ), Wu-xiang 9915 (WX9915) and Guang-ling-xiang-nuo (GLXN), and their transgenic lines with inhibition of starch branching enzyme I and IIb (SBEI/IIb−). Within the three wild-type cultivars, starches from endosperm different regions showed similar molecular and crystalline structures. However, in rices with inhibition of SBEs, amylopectin short branch-chain content and branching degree gradually decreased, but amylopectin B3+ chain content and average chain length increased gradually from the interior to exterior of endosperm. The amylose content gradually increased from the interior to exterior of endosperm in TQ- and WX9915-SBEI/II− lines. From the interior to exterior of endosperm, starch changed gradually from CC- to CB-type in TQ-SBEI/II− line and from CA- to CC-type in GLXN-SBEI/II– line, and remained CA-type in WX9915-SBEI/II– line. These results provided some information for quality breeding and utilizations of rice with inhibition of SBE.
Lingshang Lin; Jun Huang; Long Zhang; Changquan Zhang; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. Effects of inhibiting starch branching enzymes on molecular and crystalline structures of starches from endosperm different regions in rice. Food Chemistry 2019, 301, 125271 .
AMA StyleLingshang Lin, Jun Huang, Long Zhang, Changquan Zhang, Qiaoquan Liu, Cunxu Wei. Effects of inhibiting starch branching enzymes on molecular and crystalline structures of starches from endosperm different regions in rice. Food Chemistry. 2019; 301 ():125271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingshang Lin; Jun Huang; Long Zhang; Changquan Zhang; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Effects of inhibiting starch branching enzymes on molecular and crystalline structures of starches from endosperm different regions in rice." Food Chemistry 301, no. : 125271.
Large and small granules were separated from C-type starches of four Chinese chestnut varieties growing in the same environment. They had similar amylose contents from 17.7% to 20.2% and showed C-type crystallinity. The large granules had relative crystallinity from 19.2% to 20.3%, ordered degree from 0.686 to 0.706, and lamellar peak intensity from 233.2 to 267.1, but small granules had relative crystallinity from 16.2% to 18.2%, ordered degree from 0.635 to 0.663, and lamellar peak intensity from 201.6 to 213.1. The gelatinization peak temperatures ranged from 62.6 to 65.7 °C in large granules but from 60.3 to 61.7 °C in small granules, and enthalpy variation did from 12.5 to 13.7 J/g in large granules but from 10.1 to 11.7 J/g in small granules. Both large and small granules showed biphasic hydrolysis. Though small granules had significantly higher hydrolysis rate than large granules, but they had similar total hydrolysis extent during whole hydrolysis. The granule size had significantly positive relationships with relative crystallinity, ordered degree, lamellar peak intensity, and gelatinization temperature and enthalpy variation, but was negatively correlated to hydrolysis rate. The principal component analysis was conducted to reveal the interrelationships among different starch properties and the variations among different starches.
Tianxiang Liu; Mingxuan Ma; Ke Guo; Guanglong Hu; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. Structural, thermal, and hydrolysis properties of large and small granules from C-type starches of four Chinese chestnut varieties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 137, 712 -720.
AMA StyleTianxiang Liu, Mingxuan Ma, Ke Guo, Guanglong Hu, Long Zhang, Cunxu Wei. Structural, thermal, and hydrolysis properties of large and small granules from C-type starches of four Chinese chestnut varieties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 137 ():712-720.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTianxiang Liu; Mingxuan Ma; Ke Guo; Guanglong Hu; Long Zhang; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Structural, thermal, and hydrolysis properties of large and small granules from C-type starches of four Chinese chestnut varieties." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 137, no. : 712-720.
Kernel components and some physicochemical properties of cooked rice were investigated and compared between a popular japonica rice Wu-xiang 9915 (WX) and its transgenic line (WX-SBEI/IIb−) with suppression of starch branching enzyme I/IIb. The starch content, especially amylopectin content, was significantly lower in WX-SBEI/IIb− than in WX. Brown rice flour had markedly higher gelatinization temperature in WX-SBEI/IIb− than in WX. The cooked kernels of WX-SBEI/IIb− had significantly lower volume swelling, leached material amount and wet weight than those of WX during cooking. Starch granules in WX kernel could be gelatinized completely and gradually from the exterior to the interior of endosperm, leading to breakage of cooked kernels. However, aggregate, elongated and small starch granules in the exterior of WX-SBEI/IIb− endosperm could not be gelatinized completely and remained their morphologies during cooking, leading to a high resistance of kernels to cooking. Brown rice flour of WX-SBEI/IIb− had significantly lower pasting viscosities, storage modulus and loss modulus but higher loss angle tangent than that of WX. The cooked kernels of WX-SBEI/IIb− had considerably higher hardness, springiness and cohesiveness but lower adhesiveness than those of WX. The starch in cooked kernels was more resistant to digestion in WX-SBEI/IIb− than in WX.
Lingshang Lin; Ting Pan; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. Cooking, morphological, mechanical and digestion properties of cooked rice with suppression of starch branching enzymes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 137, 187 -196.
AMA StyleLingshang Lin, Ting Pan, Qiaoquan Liu, Cunxu Wei. Cooking, morphological, mechanical and digestion properties of cooked rice with suppression of starch branching enzymes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 137 ():187-196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingshang Lin; Ting Pan; Qiaoquan Liu; Cunxu Wei. 2019. "Cooking, morphological, mechanical and digestion properties of cooked rice with suppression of starch branching enzymes." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 137, no. : 187-196.