The use of immune suppressive drugs combined with the natural immune suppression caused by SARS-CoV-2 can lead to a surge of secondary bacterial and fungal infections. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of superinfections in hospitalized subjects with COVID-19. We carried out an observational retrospective single center cohort study. We enrolled patients admitted at the “Garibaldi” hospital for ≥72 h, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. All patients were routinely investigated for bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. A total of 589 adults with COVID-19 were included. A total of 88 infections were documented in different sites among 74 patients (12.6%). As for the etiology, 84 isolates were bacterial (95.5%), while only 4 were fungal (4.5%). A total of 51 episodes of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) were found in 43 patients, with a bacterial etiology in 47 cases (92.2%). Community-acquired infections (CAIs) are more frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, while HAIs are mostly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high rate of CAIs and HAIs due to the use of high-dose corticosteroids and long hospital stays can be suspected. COVID-19 patients should be routinely evaluated for infection and colonization. More data about antimicrobial resistance and its correlation with antibiotic misuse in COVID-19 patients are required.

Ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) is an antibiotic combination approved for the treatment of several infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are at high risk of developing bacterial infections, and the choice of appropriate antibiotics is crucial. However, the use of antibiotics in neonates carries risks such as antibiotic resistance and disruption of gut microbiota. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of CAZ/AVI in preterm infants admitted to the NICU. Retrospective data from preterm infants with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia who received CAZ/AVI were analyzed. Clinical and microbiological responses, adverse events, and outcomes were evaluated. Eight patients were included in the study, all of whom showed clinical improvement and achieved microbiological cure with CAZ/AVI treatment. No adverse drug reactions were reported. Previous antibiotic therapies failed to improve the neonates’ condition, and CAZ/AVI was initiated based on clinical deterioration and epidemiological considerations. The median duration of CAZ/AVI treatment was 14 days, and combination therapy with fosfomycin or amikacin was administered. Previous case reports have also shown positive outcomes with CAZ/AVI in neonates. However, larger trials are needed to further investigate the safety and efficacy of CAZ/AVI in this population.

In 2022, 20 million women globally were living with HIV, yet they remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those for antiretroviral treatments (ART). This study assesses the safety and efficacy of the long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine (CAB-RPV) regimen in a cohort of 54 women living with HIV (WLWH) over 24 weeks. A retrospective cohort study from the Sardinian HIV Network and Sicilian HIV Cohort (SHiNe-SHiC) included WLWH who switched to CAB-RPV. Primary objectives were achieving and maintaining HIV RNA levels <50 copies/mL at 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included treatment safety, durability, and reasons for discontinuation. Data on demographics, viro-immunological markers, lipid profiles, and treatment interruptions were analyzed. Of 54 WLWH, 46 reached 24 weeks. The median age was 50 years. A total of 71.8% transitioned from dolutegravir (DTG) regimens. Virological suppression was 97.8% at baseline and 95.5% at 24 weeks. Significant increases in the CD4/CD8 ratio (p = 0.0076) and decreases in serum creatinine levels (p = 0.0109) were observed. Cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, and AST levels remained unchanged. The CAB-RPV regimen demonstrated significant virological and immunological efficacy and safety in women living with HIV over 24 weeks. Notably, the improvement in the CD4/CD8 ratio and the increase in the percentage of women achieving target not detected (TND) status highlight the regimen’s effectiveness. These findings emphasize the importance of gender-focused research in HIV treatment and the need for equitable access to effective treatment options for women, which is crucial for global efforts to eliminate HIV.