Curcumin’s ability to impact chronic inflammatory conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and arthritis, has been widely researched; however, its poor bioavailability limits its clinical application. The present study is focused on the development of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomicelles as a drug delivery system with anti-inflammatory effects. Curcumin was loaded in PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil and puronic F127 mixed nanomicelles (Cur-RH60/F127-MMs). Cur-RH60/F127-MMs was prepared using the thin film dispersion method. The morphology and releasing characteristics of nanomicelles were evaluated. The uptake and permeability of Cur-RH60/F127-MMs were investigated using RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells, and their bioavailability and in vivo/vitro anti-inflammatory activity were also evaluated. The results showed that Cur-RH60/F127-MMs have regular sphericity, possess an average diameter smaller than 20 nm, and high encapsulation efficiency for curcumin (89.43%). Cur-RH60/F127-MMs significantly increased the cumulative release of curcumin in vitro and uptake by cells (p < 0.01). The oral bioavailability of Cur-RH60/F127-MMs was much higher than that of curcumin-active pharmaceutical ingredients (Cur-API) (about 9.24-fold). The treatment of cell lines with Cur-RH60/F127-MMs exerted a significantly stronger anti-inflammatory effect compared to Cur-API. In addition, Cur-RH60/F127-MMs significantly reduced OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in an in vivo experimental asthma model. In conclusion, this study reveals the possibility of formulating a new drug delivery system for curcumin, in particular nanosized micellar aqueous dispersion, which could be considered a perspective platform for the application of curcumin in inflammatory diseases of the airways.