The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of 12 weeks of non‐linear resistance training (NLRT) on anthropometry, muscle strength and inflammatory biomarkers in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (PIHIV). Thirty previously sedentary PIHIVs were randomized into the NLRT (n = 15) and control (CON, n = 15) groups. NLRT group were submitted to 12 weeks of training, whereas the CON group maintained their daily habits. At baseline and after 12 weeks, both groups underwent anthropometric evaluations and blood sampling for the analysis of inflammatory biomarkers. Analysis of covariance using preintervention values as covariate was performed to determine the effects of exercise on anthropometry, muscle strength, cytokines levels and T cells. Significance was set at p < 0.05. After 12 weeks of intervention, there was a decrease in subcutaneous body fat (p < .0001), neck, abdomen and waist circumferences (p < .05), waist‐to‐hip ratio (p = .009), blood levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β (p = .029), IL‐6 (p = .005), IL‐8 (p = .010), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (p = .001) and an increase in muscle strength (p < .0001), IL‐10 levels (p = .030) and CD4⁺ (p = .004) and CD8⁺ (p < .0001) counts in the NLRT compared to CON group. Twelve weeks of NLRT promoted positive changes in the body fat, body circumferences, muscular strength and inflammatory profile in PIHIV.

Background: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with high total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The natural course of the HIV infection reduces the high-density lipoprotein level (HDL-c). Thus, physical exercise plays a key role in reducing the effects of HAART and HIV.Methods: Thirty people living with HIV (PLHIV) were randomized to the nonlinear resistance training (NLRT) and control (CON) groups. The NLRT group underwent 12 weeks of resistance training, whereas the CON group maintained usual daily activities. All volunteers underwent anthropometric, body composition, and biochemical assessments at the beginning and end of 12 weeks.Results: After 12 weeks, the NLRT group had increased lean body mass (P < .0001), and a reduction in body fat mass (P < .0001) and body fat percentage (P < .0001). The levels of TC (P < .0001), LDL-c (P = .049), TG (P < .0001), and CRP (P = .004) were reduced, and the HDL-c level increased (P < .0001).Conclusion: Twelve weeks of NLRT causes beneficial changes in the body composition, lipid profile, and inflammation markers in PLHIV, and it can be used in this patient population.

Background: Anthropometric indicators are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), but there is no consensus as to which indicator is the most suitable to screen for clustered CMRF. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of five anthropometric indicators to screen for clustered CMRF in children and adolescents.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1139 schoolchildren aged 6–17 years from Northeastern Brazil. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and subscapular (SSF) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The following CMRF were evaluated: elevated total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high triglyceride concentration, hyperglycemia and high blood pressure. The participants were categorized into no CMRF, 1 CMRF, 2 CMRF and ≥3 CMRF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the accuracy of the anthropometric indicators in predicting CMRF for age group and sex.Results: Poor associations were observed between the anthropometric indicators and 1 CMRF (accuracy of 0.49–0.64). The indicators showed moderate associations with 2 CMRF (accuracy of 0.57–0.75) and ≥3 CMRF (accuracy of 0.59–0.79). In general, TSF exhibited the worst performance in predicting CMRF, followed by WHtR. The highest accuracies were observed for BMI, WC and SSF, with no significant difference between these indicators.Conclusions: The routine use of BMI, WC and SSF as epidemiological screening tools for clustered CMRF in childhood and adolescence should be encouraged.

ObjetiveThe acute effects of cryotherapy on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, perceived pain and upper limb muscle strength in jiu-jitsu competitors were investigated.MethodTen highly trained athletes underwent two simulated competition sessions composed by four 7-minute combats with a 15-minute interval between them. Athletes were randomly allocated to receive either cold water immersion (5±1°C for 19 minutes) or no intervention (control) after competition simulation in a crossover counterbalanced fashion.ResultsFor LDH, there was an effect of condition (F1,18= 7.91, P=0.012; η2=0.31), with lower values being found in cryotherapy as compared to control (criotherapy = 533.2±55.4 and 671.2±61.0 for pre-competition and post-recuperation, respectively; control = 528.5±63.7 e 759.8±85.7UI/l for pre-competition and post-recuperation, respectively). Delta CPK differed significantly between conditions (criotherapy = 138.0±95.1UI/l; control = 231.3±135.8UI/l t = -1,72; P=0,119; effect size = 0.75). For perceived pain there was also an effect of condition (F1,18 = 12.35, P=0.003; η2 = 0.41), with lower values being found following cryotherapy (2.4±1.4 versus 4.4±1.8, P=0.003). Pre-competition skin temperature was lower than that measured after recovery (34.5±1.9°C. versus 37.6±1.3°C, P=0.0005). There were significant correlations between perceived pain and CPK (r=0.314) and LDH (r=0.546). The concentrations of CPK and LDH were negatively correlated with dynamic strength (r= 0.525).ConclusionRecovery via cold water immersion after simulated competition resulted in less muscle damage and hypoalgesia compared to the control

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric measures and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children.Design: Cross-sectional study with children from public and private schools. Children underwent an anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement and biochemical evaluation of serum for determination of TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. Physical activity level was calculated and number of steps per day obtained using a pedometer for seven consecutive days.Setting: Viçosa, south-eastern Brazil.Subjects: Boys and girls (n 187), mean age 9·90 (sd 0·7) years.Results: Conicity index, sum of four skinfolds, physical activity level and number of steps per day were accurate in predicting MetS in boys. Anthropometric indicators were accurate in predicting MetS for girls, specifically BMI, waist circumference measured at the narrowest point and at the level of the umbilicus, four skinfold thickness measures evaluated separately, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, the sum of four skinfolds and body fat percentage.Conclusions: The sum of four skinfolds was the most accurate method in predicting MetS in both genders.

Introduction: Circulating leptin and adiponectin levels have been associated with impaired vascular function, insulin resistance, and acute cardiovascular evens. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of leptin, adiponectin, and the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio with a clustering of metabolic risk factors (MRF) in adolescents aged 12-18 years. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 Portuguese adolescents aged 12-18 years. Blood samples were taken to analyze total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. A continuous variable of clustered MRF score (sum of Z-scores of body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, ratio TC/HDL, triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, and cardiorespiratory fitness*[-1]) was computed. Results: Regression analyses showed that adiponectin was a significant and negative predictor of MRF score (boys: β = -0.199; p < 0.001; girls: β = -0.200; p < 0.001); whereas leptin was a significant positive predictor of MRF score (boys: β = 0.553; p < 0.001; girls: β = 0.399; p < 0.001). The L/A ratio was also a significant positive predictor of MRF score in both sexes (boys: β = 0.593; p < 0.001; girls: β = 0.461; p < 0.001), after adjustments for age, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and socioeconomic status. In addition, adiponectin, leptin, and L/A ratio were accurate to predict MRF among adolescents, but L/A ratio showed the highest area under receiver operating characteristic curve. Conclusion: Leptin, adiponectin, and L/A ratio are associated with the clustering of MRF in adolescents after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and socioeconomic status. L/A ratio was more strongly associated with MRF score than adiponectin or leptin.