The growing demand for energy in developing societies, coupled with dwindling conventional resources, necessitates the adoption of renewable energy (RE) sources. A comprehensive understanding of these sources and their optimal utilization is crucial. The awareness of the users plays a very important role in the effective utilization of different energy sources. Hence, this study examines the level of RE awareness in Palestine, identifying factors influencing public perception and exploring potential strategies for promoting RE adoption. This awareness depends on different factors related to the users' education level, community type, and type of building. Different factors that affect the willingness and attitude to gain knowledge about RE are presented. In addition, various practices highlighting the increasing level of awareness regarding the adoption of RE sources are investigated. In addition, the status of RE education and its potential impact on engineers have also been discussed. Various individual and institutional efforts are highlighted in the study as strategies to bridge the gap and overcome obstacles to adopting RE sources. Suggestions for better use of these resources have been highlighted. Thereafter, recommendations for effective RE implementation in Palestine are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The main challenges in integrating RE into Palestine's existing energy grid and system include infrastructure limitations, resources and financial constraints, and political issues. Still, there are possibilities in the form of international collaboration and investment. A flexible and modular RE grid could also address some of these challenges by integrating small‐scale systems that can be scaled up as needed.

Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine’s Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO₂ annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO₂, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors.

Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) and energy constraints are the most pressing issues for Palestine's sustainable development and environmental protection. Palestinians are harmed by the environmental and health risks associated with the dumpsite. In addition to imported electricity, natural gas and crude oil are also used to generate electricity in Palestine. This study aimed to assess the viability of recovering energy from MSW through various processes, such as anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification. Consequently, this study investigates the viability of recovering and utilizing landfill gas. In addition, the potential advantages of four types of energy generation technologies, namely incineration, gasification, landfilling, and anaerobic digestion, are evaluated. According to the findings, gasification and landfilling recovered about 1,027.5 and 634.1MWh per day, respectively, and incineration recovered about 1,772MWh per day on average. Anaerobic digestion produced the least amount, at about 345.5 MWh per day. Additionally, the environmental assessment revealed that gasification and incineration only produce about 5,240,042.1 and 10,143,446.5 tons of CO2 per year, respectively, while landfilling produces about 10,143,446.5 tons of emissions annually. Anaerobic digestion produces the least amount emissions, about 3,234,444.5 tons annually. As a result, the perfect scenario for generating energy includes both anaerobic digestion and incineration.