El objetivo fue caracterizar el contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio transversal para el cual se identificaron veinte preparaciones de consumo frecuente según el lugar de expendio. La determinación del contenido de sodio se obtuvo mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica en preparaciones recolectadas en el 2019. La mediana del contenido de sodio en productos de venta ambulatoria fue 492,36 mg/100 g (RIQ: 83,93 - 918,78); 471,37 mg/100 g, en preparaciones tradicionales y típicas (RIQ: 76,04 - 765,39); y 471,06 mg/100 g (RIQ: 115,31 - 695,18), en comidas rápidas. El 65% de las preparaciones fueron consideradas altas en sodio según los parámetros peruanos, mientras que el 30% de las preparaciones también presentaron un alto contenido, de acuerdo con los parámetros del Reino Unido. La mayoría de las preparaciones expendidas y consumidas fuera del hogar presentan un elevado contenido de sodio. Es esencial involucrar a todos los actores que participan en la preparación de alimentos para el consumo fuera del hogar, con el fin de sensibilizarlos e incluirlos en la promoción de políticas enfocadas en la reducción delconsumo de sodio.

Objective: Design and validation a photographic atlas of Peruvian foods to evaluate the food consumption of children from 6 to 12 months of age. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. 12 food groups were established according to their nutrient content. The atlas is designed to be applied to mothers, fathers, or caregivers of children from 6 to 12 months of age. The methodology was divided into four stages: i) selection of the food list, regional recipe books from Peru were reviewed, then interviews with mothers of children in the age range were verified for the final selection of the food list; ii) preparation and weighing of food, utensils were used to establish home measurements and with the established weight the macro and micronutrients were calculated with tables of composition of Peruvian foods; iii) development of the photographic session, a professional photographer with previous experience in similar works was used; and iv) expert validation, with the participation of 5 nutritionists with experience in infant feeding. Results: The proposed atlas includes 57 foods with a total of 91 photographs. The content validity coefficient according to food category and in total obtained an assessment of 0.75 (Cohen's kappa coefficient), which gives it acceptable validity and agreement. Conclusions: The photographic atlas of food portions for infant feeding in Peru is a practical, reliable, and culturally appropriate visual tool to help estimate the amount of food consumed by this population, which will facilitate the estimation of food intake.

Background. The Peruvian Immunoblot panel, together with traditional skin prick tests (SPT), are widely used in vitro allergy tests in Peru. In addition to this, Peruvian allergists are increasingly adopting multiplex tests such as the ALEX‐2 (Macro Array Diagnostics). Previous studies have revealed limited agreement between Immunoblot and SPT results. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the concordance between these three tests in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in a private center in Arequipa, Peru. Materials and Methods. We enrolled 35 patients, including children over 3 years and adults, with AR. Clinical and demographic data were collected, and patients underwent allergic sensitization testing using the Immunoblot Peruvian panel (32 allergens), ALEX‐2 (295 allergens), and SPT (12 allergens). Concordance was calculated using Cohen’s kappa coefficient and analyzed with IBM SPSS V26. Results. Among the patients, 34.3% exhibited moderate‐to‐severe persistent AR, and 14.3% had asthma. Additionally, 85.7% reported a family history of AR. Sensitization rates varied notably between the SPT and ALEX‐2, particularly for olive pollen (34.3% vs. 17.4%), Blomia tropicalis (11.4% vs. 17.1%), and grasses (11.4% vs. 28.5%). Remarkably, these allergens were not included in the Peruvian Immunoblot panel. Concordance analysis included seven allergens and showed significant concordance between ALEX‐2 and SPT for five allergens, between Immunoblot and SPT for two allergens, and between ALEX‐2 and Immunoblot for two allergens. Conclusion. This preliminary study shows us a better concordance between ALEX‐2 and SPT rather than between Immunoblot and SPT.

Background/Objectives: Recurring infections in children with allergies pose significant clinical challenges, with these conditions often exacerbating each other through complex immunological interactions. This narrative review examines the connection between recurring infections and allergic conditions in pediatric patients, focusing on how immune system dysfunction influences infection susceptibility in respiratory allergies. Methods: A comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Web of Science, and SciELO databases was conducted from January 2014 to May 2024. Studies involving children and adolescents up to 18 years old with diagnosed respiratory allergies were included, while reviews, opinion pieces, case reports, and studies not addressing immune–infection interactions were excluded. Results: Analysis reveals significant immune dysfunction in allergic children, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity components. Children with allergic rhinitis and asthma demonstrate decreased interferon-gamma production, increasing vulnerability to viral infections (particularly rhinovirus) and bacterial infections such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Rhinovirus represents the most common pathogen, present in 75% of asthma exacerbations. Atopic children exhibit markedly higher bacterial infection rates, with 27.1% showing Mycoplasma pneumoniae involvement versus 4.9% in non-atopic children. Conclusions: Recurring infections in allergic pediatric patients result from significant immune dysfunction involving altered cytokine production and immune cell function. These complex interactions highlight the need for targeted therapeutic approaches that enhance immune responses and reduce infection risks. Future research should focus on identifying specific biomarkers and immune mechanisms for developing more effective interventions.

La evaluación de la ingesta de alimentos es fundamental, porque proporciona información actualizada y de buena calidad respecto al consumo de alimentos de una población. Sus resultados son muy importantes para la toma de decisiones oportunas sobre la alimentación y nutrición, especialmente en la etapa infantil. El presente Atlas fotográfico de alimentos peruanos fue desarrollado con el propósito de contar con una herramienta que permita mejorar la confiabilidad de las estimaciones del consumo alimentario de niños de 6 a 12 meses de edad. Para ello, recoge 57 alimentos en un total de 91 series de fotografías en diferentes presentaciones, seleccionados de un listado de alimentos de mayor consumo, recogidos en tres ciudades del Perú: Lima (costa), Huamanga (sierra) y Pucallpa (selva).

Antecedentes: La anafilaxia inducida por el ejercicio dependiente del trigo es una alteración excepcional, potencialmente mortal, desencadenada por el consumo de trigo después de realizar alguna actividad física. Reporte de caso: Se informan dos casos de pacientes adolescentes de Lima, Perú, diagnosticados con anafilaxia inducida por el ejercicio dependiente del trigo mediante pruebas de punción cutánea y el microarray Allergy Explorer 2 (ALEX-2), donde se identificó gliadina omega-5 (Tri a 19) como alérgeno principal. Aunque ambos pacientes tuvieron episodios de anafilaxia, solo uno requirió la administración de adrenalina. Conclusión: Es importante establecer el diagnóstico de anafilaxia inducida por el ejercicio dependiente del trigo mediante pruebas moleculares para confirmar la enfermedad y llevar a cabo estrategias preventivas (evitar el consumo de trigo antes de cualquier actividad física) y planes de emergencia. Los casos expuesto en este artículo subrayan la necesidad de tener mayor conciencia clínica y mejor acceso a intervenciones para salvar vidas en regiones con recursos y accesos limitados. Palabras clave: Anafilaxia; Hipersensibilidad al trigo; Alergias inducidas por actividad física; Perú; Gliadina omega-5; Alérgeno; Diagnóstico por métodos moleculares; Adrenalina.