We show in this work that a finite-time-thermodynamics model of an irreversible Otto cycle is suitable to reproduce performance results of a real spark ignition heat engine. In order to test our model we have developed a computer simulation including a two-zone combustion model and compared the evolution of the performance parameters of the simulated engine as functions of the rotational speed $\left(\omega \right)$ with those obtained from a simple theoretical scheme including chemical reactions. A theoretical Otto cycle with irreversibilities arising from friction, heat transfer through the cylinder walls, and internal losses properly reproduces simulation results by considering extreme temperatures and mass inside the cylinder as functions of $\omega$ . Furthermore we obtain realistic values for the parameters characterizing global irreversibilities, their evolution with $\omega$ , and a clearer understanding of their physical origin not always well established in theoretical models.

Lean fueling of spark ignited (SI) engines is a valid method for increasing efficiency and reducing nitric oxide (NO_x) emissions. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) allows better fuel economy with respect to the port-fuel injection configuration, through greater flexibility to load changes, reduced tendency to abnormal combustion, and reduction of pumping and heat losses. During homogenous charge operation with lean mixtures, flame development is prolonged and incomplete combustion can even occur, causing a decrease in stability and engine efficiency. On the other hand, charge stratification results in fuel impingement on the combustion chamber walls and high particle emissions. Therefore, lean operation requires a fundamentally new understanding of in-cylinder processes for developing the next generation of direct-injection (DI) SI engines. In this paper, combustion was investigated in an optically accessible DISI single cylinder research engine fueled with gasoline. Stoichiometric and lean operations were studied in detail through a combined thermodynamic and optical approach. The engine was operated at a fixed rotational speed (1000 rpm), with a wide open throttle, and at the start of the injection during the intake stroke. The excess air ratio was raised from 1 to values close to the flammability limit, and spark timing was adopted according to the maximum brake torque setting for each case. Cycle resolved digital imaging and spectroscopy were applied; the optical data were correlated to in-cylinder pressure traces and exhaust gas emission measurements. Flame front propagation speed, flame morphology parameters, and centroid motion were evaluated through image processing. Chemical kinetics were characterized based on spectroscopy data. Lean burn operation demonstrated increased flame distortion and center movement from the location of the spark plug compared to the stoichiometric case; engine stability decreased as the lean flammability limit was approached.